Gears standards

For more information on individual collecting techniques and gear, standard equipment and tools, and special techniques for targeting individual taxa or habitats, general manuals and texts should be consulted, such as Gibb and Oseto (2005) and Martin (1977). 

Available sizes range from shelf areas of 0.4 to 67 m" (4 to 726 ft"). These are available in several manufacturers standards, either as system components or with arrxihary gear as packaged systems. 

The ratio between the pitch diameter and the number of teeth is called the diametral pitch, and for two gears to mesh, they must have the same diametral pitch. The diametral pitch is standardized and is always an integer. For gears used in process machineiy, the diametral pitch varies between 6 (coarse) and 20 (fine). 

The more reeent eombination of standardized eompressor modules and eustomized eomponents with integrally geared radial turbines has opened new possibilities. Integrally geared radial turboexpanders represent eonsiderable design flexibility and this, in turn, allows... 

Gears, wherever used, can be a major source of problem and downtime. This standard specifies the minimum requirements for special-purpose, enclosed, precision, single- and double-helical one- and two-stage speed increasers and reducers of parallel-shaft design for refinery services. Primarily intended for gears that are in continuous service without installed spare equipment. These standards apply for gears used in the power industry. 

This standard covers the minimum requirements for general-purpose, enclosed single- and multi-stage gear units incorporating parallel-shaft... 

This standard API Standard 613 covers special purpose gears. They are defined as gears, which have either or both actual pinion speeds of more than 2900 rpm and pitchline velocities of more than 5000ft/min (27 meters/sec). The standard applies to helical gears employed in speed-reducer or speed-increaser units. 

The scope and terms used are well defined and includes a listing of standards and codes for reference. The purchaser is required to make decisions regarding gear-rated horsepower and rated input and output speeds. 

The API, with help from gear manufacturers, has a 1977 standard (API 613) for rating gears. (See Chapter 4.) A common procedure for comparing and sizing gear is based on the tooth pitting index, the K factor... 

API 617 recognizes the need for the compressor thrust design to take into account peripheral factors such as the coupling. Gear couplings can transmit thrust to the compressor because of tooth friction. The standard uses an arbitrary friction coefficient of, 25, which can be a design basis. Flexible element couplings transmit less thrust because of the lower flex ing element axial stiffness. 

API Standard 613, Special-Purpose Gear Units for Refinery Service., Fourth Edition, Washington, D.C. American Petroleum Institute, 1995... 

API Standard 677, General-Purpose Gear Units for Petroleum, Chemical, and Gas Service Industries, Second Edition, Washington, D.C.i American Petroleum Institute, 1997. 

Figure 11 3. Testing of the more standard integrally geared air compressors can be somewhat complex. Courtesy of Cooper Turbocompressor)...

API Standard 672, Packaged, Integrally Geared, Centrifugal Plant and Instrument Air Compressors for General Refinery Services, Second Edition, W shington, D C. American Petroleum Institute, 1988, Reaffirmed 199 . 

Requirements for any special valve features e.g., non-standard inlet or outlet connections, valve lifting gear, etc. 

Chemical PPE In a fire or thermal energy hazard, PPE worn by responders should meet, at a minimum, the criteria in 29 CER 1910.156 (e), Eire Brigade Standard, requiring turnout gear. In conditions where skin absorption of a hazardous substance may result in substantial possibility of immediate death, serious illness, or injury or impaired ability to escape, totally encapsulated chemical protective suits should be used. It is vital to keep heat resistance of the totally encapsulated suits and the heat resistance of any PPE used underneath or in conjunction with the totally encapsulated suits in mind any time there is a thermal hazard. 

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