GC-ion trap

Sludge E2, EE, El, MES Solvent extraction, GPC, silica gel column, derivatization with MSTFA GC-ion-trap MS/MS LOQ 2-4 [45]... 

Despite the difficulties of on-line automation, the need to develop such systems is considerable. The increase in the number of different compounds that must be determined and the number of samples required for a meaningful survey or laboratory study make it essential to improve the quality and throughput of samples. There are a number of stages in fully automating trace organic analysis. Autosampler LC or GC-data systems as GC-MS or GC-ion trap detector (ITD) are well established and require no further elaboration here [191, 203, 495]. 

Hime GW, Hearn WL, Rose S, Cofino J. 1991. Analysis of cocaine and cocaethylene in blood and tissues by GC—NPD and GC-ion trap mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 15 241. 

Air Solid Phase Microextraction transfer to GC via thermal desorption of fiber. GC/ion trap MS 2 ppb (v/v) 6% RSD No data Chai and Pawliszyn 1995... 

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for preconcentration, followed by GC/ Ion Trap MS, was used for trace analysis of explosives and their metabolites in seawater [9]. NICI was used with methane as reagent gas. Compounds of interest included RDX, TNT and two of its metabofrtes 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT) and 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene (4ADNT). Although the instrument sensitivity was in low-ppb range, the detection limits for SPME with GC/ITMS... 

S Perez, MT Matienzo, JL Tadeo. GC-ion trap detection analysis of chlortoluron and its metabolites in cereals. Chromatographia 36 195-200, 1993. 

Alexandrou N, Miao Z, Colquhoun M, et al. 1992. Supercritical fluid extraction and cleanup with capillary GC-ion trap mass spectrometry for determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in environemental samples. J Chromatogr Sci 30(9) 335-382. 

Analysis of vinclozolin and iprodione in wine can be performed using a GC-ion trap (IT) system with the analytical conditions reported in Table 9.8. By coupling this method and the SPE sample preparation with the use of the porous carbon stationary phase, the analytes can be recovered with toluene, and the LOQs of 50ng/L and 50pg/L for vinclozolin and iprodione, respectively, are achieved (Matisova et al., 1996). An LOQ of 0.50 pg/L is achieved for analysis of metalaxyl in wine (Kakalfkova et al, 1996). 

Kim, D.-G., Paeng, K.-J., Cheong, C., and Hong, J., Systematic approach to determination of pesticides in water with sohd phase microextraction combined GC/Ion trap MS, Anal. Sci., 17, a53-a56, 2001. 

A GC/ion trap MS method was used for the trace analysis of atrazine and its deethylated degradation product deethylatrazine in environmental water and sediment samples. The isotope dilution technique was applied for the quantitative analysis of atrazine at parts-per-trillion levels <2003ANA263>. 

The two chapters that were selected for this topic one on GC-ion trap mass spectrometry, by SabUer and Fujii and the other by Schroder on LC-MS in environmental analysis give an excellent contribution to the application of GC-MS and LC-MS to environmental analysis. Both chapters include many practical aspects and examples in the environmental field and also cover the historical perspective of the techniques and show the perspective on ionisation and scanning modes. Advances achieved in GC-ion trap by the use of external ion sources and GC/MS/MS possi-bihties are discussed. The LC-MS chapter provides an overview of the first applications of LC/MS interfacing systems, such as moving belt, direct Uquid introduction (DLI) and particle beam (PB), and then on the more recent soft ionisation techniques, like thermospray and atmospheric pressure ionisation interfacing systems. 

Many aspects of ion traps are reported in the literature [1-3], and these features are not covered here. Additionally, Chapter 10 of this Handbook covers the general principles and apphcations of mass spectrometry. Rather, this chapter focuses on the use of GC/ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) in environmental analysis, describing the principles of operation, giving examples of apphcations of ion traps in the environmental field, and highlighting recent developments in this area. 

The first direct demonstration of the applicability of alkali ion attachment reactions using a sodium cation emitter as a novel and sensitive technique of ionization for ion trap mass spectrometry was made with an ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an external ion source to generate the reagent Na ions [28]. The combination of alkali metal ion attachment with an ion trap may well represent a noticeable improvement in the selectivity and sensitivity of current GC ion trap technology, and may enlarge the scope of use of this type of mass spectrometer. 

Holzer et al. employed Curie-point pyrolysis to analyze microbial fatty acid by in situ methylation with trimethylanilinium hydroxide (TMAH). The fatty acid methyl ester profiles produced during pyrolysis of the whole cell agreed well with the analysis of lipid extracts from the same microorganism. Dworzanski et al. also used pyrolytic methylation-GC to profile fatty acids in whole cells of E. coli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and B. subtilis. Curie-point pyrolysis coupled to GC/ion trap MS was used by Snyder et al. " to characterize 14 strains representing 9 bacterial species for their lipid biomarker content. A quartz tube Pyroprobe from... 

The overall trapping efficiency of the 3D ion trap is only about 5% or less for externally-created ions, and this relatively low trapping efficiency has contributed to the popularity of the 2D LC/MS ion trap among ion trap users. There is little doubt that 2D GC/MS instruments soon will be popular with practitioners of GC ion trap mass spectrometry. ... 

Nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their degradation products have been detected in river water and sewage effluent by GC-ion trap (tandem) MS with electron impact (El) and chemical ionization, which was followed by direct GC-MS analysis in EI-MS, chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS), or CIMS—MS modes. 

Figure 2 GC-ion trap MS/MS chromatograms of the non-ortho-PCBs (PCBs 77, 81,126, and 169) in a fish sample. Experimental conditions GC column DB-5 (J W Scientific) 60 m x 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 pm film thickness. MS analyzer ion-trap MS, working in full-scan product mode. (Reproduced with permission from Malavia J, Santos FJ, and Galceran MT (2002) Ion trap MS/MS as alternative to HRMS for the analysis of non-orf/to-PCBs in biota samples. Organohalogen Compounds 55 103-106.)...

Synthetic musks including nitro musks, nitro musk amino metabolites, and polycyclic musks have been determined in effluents and sludges using GC-MS or GC-ion-trap-MS/ MS [45,162,163]. Galaxolide and tonalide were detected in Canadian and Swedish STP effluents at concentrations of up to 1300 and 520 ng/L, respectively [162], LLE for Canadian samples and SPE for Swedish samples were employed, musks (galaxolide. 

In recent years, GC-ion-trap detection (ITD) systems that can perform tandem MS (MS-MS) on a routine basis have become commercially available [86]. Because ITD provides good sensitivity as well as increased selectivity in the MS-MS mode, an on line SPE-GC ITD system was optimized for the trace-level determination of polar and apolar pesticides [53]. The Autoloop interface (see section 3.2.3) was operated at an injection temperature of 90X, which permitted the determination of thermolabile pesticides such as carbofuran and carbaryl. With sample volumes of 10 to 30 ml and a copolymer SPE cartridge, linear calibration curves were obtained for several pesticides over the range of 0.1 to 500 ng/L. Fully satisfactory tandem mass spectra were obtained at levels as low as 0.1 ng/L level in tap and river water. The system was used to analyze water from European and Asian rivers, and the determination of microcontaminants at 8 to 16 ng/L levels did not cause any problems (Fig. 11). Relevant analytical data are presented in Table 7. One conclusion may be that, for this target-compound type of analysis, a sample volume of 1 ml or less will be sufficient to comply with governmental directives. 

Wu, A.H., Onigbinde, T.A., Wong, S.S., and Johnson, K.G. (1992) Identification of methamphetamines and over-the-counter sympatho-metic amines by full-scan GC-ion trap MS with electron impact and chemical ionization. JoMma/ of Analytical Toxicology, 16,137-141. 

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