Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Cough is currently a huge unmet clinical need, as none of the currently available treatments are reliably effective [2]. However, there are many treatments which are currently used, with variable levels of success. In addition, if it is caused by another condition, such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, then treatment of that may reduce cough. 

D. Nehra, P. Howell, C. P. Williams, J. K. Pye and J. Beynon, Toxic bile acids in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease influence of gastric acidity, Gut, 1999, 44(5), 598. 

Q33 In gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, which of the following constituents of antacids may be particularly useful ... 

Sodium alginate forms a raft on the stomach contents leading to a reduction in reflux. Aluminium is an insoluble salt that is used as an antacid with no particular advantage in reflux. Chloroform water is a traditional preparation to reduce colic. Sucrose and lactose are sugars with no effect on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. 

Ranitidine is a histamine receptor antagonist. It acts essentially on the H2 receptor and blocks acid production. Ranitidine is used in the treatment and prevention of ulcers, NSAID-induced ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. 

Dekel R, Morse C, Pass R. The role of proton pump inhibitors in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Drugs 2004 64 277-95. 

Lambert R. Review article current practice and future perspectives in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997 11 (4) 651 -62. 

Gawrich S, Shaker R. Medical management of nocturnal symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in the elderly. Drugs Aging 2003 20 509-516. 

Omeprazole may be given by mouth as the base or magnesium salt or intravenously as the sodium salt. Doses are expressed in terms of the base. Omeprazole magnesium 10.32 mg and omeprazole sodium 10.64 mg are each equivalent to about 10 mg of omeprazole. For the relief of the acid-related dyspepsia, the drug is given in usual doses of 10 or 20 mg daily by mouth for 2-A weeks. The usual dose for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease is 20 mg by mouth once daily for 4 weeks,... 

Colin-Jones DG. The role and limitations of H2-receptor antagonists in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 1995, 9(Suppl. 1), 9-14. 

Bell NJ, Burget D, Howden CW, Wilkinson J, Hunt RH. Appropriate acid suppression for the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion, 1992, 51 (Suppl. 1), 59-67. 

Q8 Examples include famotidine, ranitidine, nizatidine and cimetidine. They prevent food, histamine and acetylcholine-induced gastric-acid secretion. They are used to heal gastric and duodenal ulcers and in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. 

Proton pump inhibitors are widely used and possible adverse effects from very long term exposure, e.g. resistant symptoms from gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, are not yet known. 

Galmiche J P et al 1998 Treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in adults. British Medical Journal 316 1720-1723 Grunberg S M, Hesketh P J 1994 Control of chemotherapy-induced emesis. New England Journal of Medicine 329 1790 Mittal R K, Balaban D H 1997 The esophagogastric junction. New England Journal of Medicine 336 924-932... 

Broussard CN, Richter JE. Treating gastro-oesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation what are the safest therapy options Drug Saf 1998 19(4) 325-37. 

Finizia C, Lundell L, Cange L, Ruth M. The effect of cisapride on oesophageal motility and lower sphincter function in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002 14(1) 9-14. 

Dekkers CP, Beker JA, Thjodleifsson B, Gabryelewicz A, Bell NE, Humphries TJ. Double-blind comparison [correction of double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison] of rabeprazole 20 mg vs. omeprazole 20 mg in the treatment of erosive or ulcerative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. The European Rabeprazole Study Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999 13(l) 49-57. 

Gerson LB, Hatton BN, Ryono R, Jones W, Pulliam G, Sampliner RE, TriadafUopoulos G, Fass R. Clinical and fiscal impact of lansoprazole intolerance in veterans with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 14(4) 397 6. 

Fass R, Murthy U, Hayden CW, Malagon IB, Pulliam G, Wendel C, Kovacs TO. Omeprazole 40 mg once a day is equally effective as lansoprazole 30 mg twice a day in symptom control of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) who are resistant to conventional-dose lansoprazole therapy—a prospective, randomized, multi-centre study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 14(12) 1595-603. 

Holtmann G, Bytzer P, Metz M, Loeffler V, Blum AL. A randomized, double-blind, comparative study of standard-dose rabeprazole and high-dose omeprazole in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther... 

Birbara C, Breiter J, Perdomo C, Hahne W. Rabeprazole for the prevention of recurrent erosive or ulcerative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Rabeprazole Study Group. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 12(8) 889-97. 

Perkins AC, Wilson CG, Frier M, et al. Oesophageal transit, disintegration and gastric emptying of a film-coated risedronate placebo tablet in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and normal control subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001 15(1) 115-21. 

Spechler SJ. Epidemiology and natural history of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Digestion 1992 51(Suppl 1) 24—29. 

Johnnson F, Weywadt L, Sonhaug JN, et al. One-week omeprazole treatment in the diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998 33 15-20. 

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