Gas filling

Maxwell obtained equation (4.7) for a single component gas by a momentum transfer argument, which we will now extend essentially unchanged to the case of a multicomponent mixture to obtain a corresponding boundary condition. The flux of gas molecules of species r incident on unit area of a wall bounding a semi-infinite, gas filled region is given by at low pressures, where n is the number of molecules of type r per... 

Hafnium is used in gas-filled and incandescent lamps, and is an efficient getter for scavenging oxygen and nitrogen. 

With gas-filled detectors, a chopped light system is normally used in which one side of the detector sees the source through the analyzing beam and the other side the reference beam, alternating at a frequency of a few hertz. 

Materials or combinations of materials which have air- or gas-fiUed pockets or void spaces that retard the transfer of heat with reasonable effectiveness are thermal insulators. Such materials may be particulate and/or fibrous, with or without binders, or may be assembled, such as multiple heat-reflecting surfaces that incorporate air- or gas-filled void spaces. 

Inert, Ideal Gas-Filled Vessels The energy available for external work following the rapid disintegration of the vessel is calcuJated by assuming that the gas within the vessel expands adiabatically to atmospheric pressure. 

Benchtop X-ray energy dispersive analyzer BRA-17-02 based on a gas-filled electroluminescent detector with an x-ray tube excitation and range of the elements to be determined from K (Z=19) to U (Z=92) an electroluminescent detector ensures two times better resolution compared with traditional proportional counters and possesses 20 times greater x-ray efficiency compared with semiconductor detectors. The device is used usually for grits concentration determination when analysing of aviation oils (certified analysis procedures are available) and in mining industry. 

The results of simulation have been confirmed by determination of Fe traces in quai tz sand, Cu and Mo in flotation tails and Ag in waste fixing waters on BRA-17-02 analyzer based on X-ray gas-filled electroluminescent detector and on BRA-18 analyzer based on Si-drift detector. The results of the simulation conform satisfactory with the experimental data in the mentioned cases the optimum filtration results in 2 to 5 times lowering of the detection limit. 

The chemical identities of the fission products determine their subsequent redistribution, those elements which are in the gaseous state at the temperature of the operation migrating to the cooler exterior of the fuel rods, and die less voltile elements undergoing incorporation in the fuel rod in solid solution. Thus caesium and iodine migrate to the gas fill which sunounds the fuel rod, and elements such as the rare earths and zirconium are accommodated in solid solution in UO2 without significant migration along the fuel rod radius. Strontium and barium oxidize to form separate islands which can be seen under the microscope. 

These equations convey the fact that windage loss is not only a function of rotating speed, but is also directly proportional to the density of the seal or purge gas filling the bearing housing. 

Inert gas-filled motors can also be used in refineries and chemical plants, but their applications are limited. They have tightly fitted covers and oil seals around the shaft to minimize gas leakage, are continually pressurized with an inert gas or instrument air, and are equipped with an internal air-to-water heat exchanger. Inert gas-filled motors are suitable for any hazardous location but require auxiliaries such as cooling water, gas pressurizing system, and control accessories. 

It is convenient to calculate a TNT equivalent of a physical explosion to use the military results of Figures 9.1-4 and 5. Baker et al. (1983) give a recipe for the rupture of a gas filled container assuming expansion occurs isothermally and the perfect gas laws apply (equation 9.1-25), where W is... 

In the gas correlation techniques, gas-filled cells mounted on a rotating disk cross the analyzing infrared beam in turn. One correlation cell is filled with a gas that will not absorb infrared light, such as nitrogen (N2). The other cell (or cells) are filled with a high concentration of the gas to be measured. The wavelength range is selected at the absorption band of the gas to be measured by an optical band-pass filter. 

In Division 1 areas, motors and generators must be either explosion-proof or approv ed for the classification by meeting specific requirements for a special ventilation system, inert gas-filled construction, or a special submerged unit. Although explosion-proof motors are expensive, they normally are available. Explosion-proof generators normally are not available. 

Free-Air Bursts of Gas-Filled, Massless, Spherical Pressure Vessels... 

Experimental Work. Few experiments measuring the blast from exploding, gas-filled pressure vessels have been reported in the open literature. One was performed by Boyer et al. (1958). They measured the overpressure produced by the burst of a small, glass sphere which was pressurized with gas. 

A vessel filled with a pressurized, superheated liquid can produce blasts upon bursting in three ways. First, the vapor that is usually present above the liquid can generate a blast, as from a gas-filled vessel. Second, the liquid will boil upon depressurization, and, if rapid boiling occurs, a blast wiU result. Third, if the fluid is combustible and the BLEVE is not fire induced, a vapor cloud explosion may occur (see Section 4.3.3.). In this subsection, only the first and second types of blast wiU be investigated. 

Baker et al. (1975) developed a method, presented below, for predicting blast effects fiom the rupture of gas-filled pressure vessels. They include a method for calculating the overpressure and impulse of blast waves from the rupture of spherical or cylindri-... 

Initial Fragment Velocity for Ideal-Gas-Filled Vessels... 

Figure 6.35. Calculated fragment velocities for a gas-filled sphere with -y = 1.4 (taken from...

It is not clear which measure of explosion energy is most suitable. Note that, in the method presented in Section 6.3, the energy of gas-filled pressure vessel bursts is calculated by use of Brode s formula, and for vessels filled with vapor, by use of the formula for work done in expansion. 

Blast parameters for surface bursts of gas-filled pressure vessels have not been investigated thoroughly. Parameters presently used are derived from investigations of free-air bursts. 

Metal.) gas puddling, gasfuhrend, a. containing gas. gassy. GasgeblMse, n. gas blast gas blast apparatus, gas-gefeuert, a. gas-fired, gas-heated, -ge-ftillt, a. gas-filled. 

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