Filled with Reactive Gas Mixtures

Vessel Filled with Reactive Gas Mixtures Most cases of damage arise not from the vessel failing at its normal operating pressure but because of an unexpected exothermic reaction occurring within the vessel. This usually is a decomposition, polymerization, deflagration, runaway reaction, or oxidation reaction. In assessing the damage... 

The Static Reactor Static reactors are conceptually simple. They consist typically of a spherical vessel that is filled with the reactive mixture. The gas phase reactants are, at least initially, maintained at the desired temperature by an oven or a thermostated bath. The progress of reaction is observed by measuring the change in pressure (reaction takes place at constant volume) or by detecting concentrations as function of time for one or several species. 

In commercial production, the molds are either filled with the initial reactive mixture and then transported for solidification, or they are located and filled in separate devices where polymerization proceeds. The last method is most often used in chemical molding (reactive processing) of articles from monomers, such as lactams monomer polymerization proceeds at high temperatures accompanied by the release of monomer vapor into the atmosphere. The process itself is very sensitive to atmospheric oxygen and water and requires the use of an inert gas. For very high production rates where controlled atmospheres are used, throughput is increased by the use... 

After 2 hours of holding, the jacket of reactor 4 is filled with vapour (to heat the reactive mixture to 70 °C) for 1 hour at a residual pressure of 200-520 GPa, temperature not exceeding 70 °C and at agitation the released alcohol is distilled. Alcohol vapours are sent through cooler 5 and 7, gas separators 6 and 8 into collector 11. After the excess alcohol has been distilled, the contents of the reactor are sampled to determine the viscosity and hydrogen chloride content in the obtained oligophenylethoxysiloxane. If the analysis is positive, the product is cooled in the reactor to 60 °C and pumped (the pump is not shown in the diagram) into pressure filter 14 to filter off mechanical impurities. After that, it is poured into containers. 

The design of a typical commercial reactor for large-scale production of materials is similar to the laboratory setup, except that the capacity of the former is larger, up to 30 liters. Since the synthesis of materials produced commercially is well understood, most reactors are not equipped with optical windows to monitor the process. A schematic diagram of such a reactor is shown in Fig. 5. Typically, it is a thick-walled stainless steel cylinder that can be water cooled (Borovinskaya et al., 1991). The green mixture or pressed compacts are loaded inside the vessel, which is then sealed and evacuated by a vacuum pump. After this, the reactor is filled with inert or reactive gas (Ar, He, Nj, O2, CO, C02). Alternatively, a constant flow of gas can also be supplied at a rate such that it permeates the porous reactant mixture. The inner surface of the reactor is lined with an inert material to... 

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