Flame ionization gas chromatography

Niki and Kuwatsuka reported a method involving trifluoroacetylation of the amino derivatives of chlornitrofen, nitrofen and chlomethoxyfen. A 1-mL volume of 10 M NaOH solution was added to 50 g of soil and the mixture was extracted with 100 mL of benzene. After separation and drying over anhydrous Na2S04, the benzene solution was trifluoroacetylated by adding successively 1 mL of 0.1% trifluoroacetic anhydride in benzene and 1 mL of 0.1% triethylamine in benzene. The mixture was shaken for 30 s and diluted to 10 mL with benzene. To remove the excess of trifluoroacetic anhydride, about 2 mL of water were added to the mixture and shaken for 30 s. The benzene layer was dried over anhydrous Na2S04 and injected for gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID). 

Acrylonitrile in both biological and environmental samples is most commonly determined by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC/NPD) (Page 1985), gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID) (EPA 1982a), or gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) (Anderson and Harland 1980). Infrared spectroscopy (Jacobs and Syrjala... 

Fractions containing 2 of ca. >90% purity by gas chromatography flame ionization detector) were combined. 

A gas chromatography-flame ionization detector system can be nsed for the separation and detection of nonpolar organic componnds. Semivolatile constitnents are among the analytes that can readily be resolved and detected nsing the system. If a packed column is used, four pairs of compounds may not be resolved adequately and are reported as a quantitative sum anthracene and phenanthrene, chrysene and benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[/ ]fluoranthene and benzo[/ ]fluoranthene, and dibenzo[a,/i]anthracene and indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene. This issue can be resolved through the use of a capillary column in place of a packed column. 

The analysis is often called the gasoline range organics (GRO) method. The semivolatile range is determined by analysis of an extract by gas chromatography-flame ionization and is referred to as the diesel range organics (DRO) method. 

Few analytical methods are available for the determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in biological samples, but analytical methods for several important hydrocarbon components of total petroleum hydrocarbons may be modified. Most involve solvent extraction and saponification of lipids, followed by separation into aliphatic and aromatic fractions on adsorption columns. Hydrocarbon groups or target compounds are determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization or... 

Biological tissues Add water to tissue sample (at 50 C) and homogenise extract with carbon disulfide and analyze Gas chromatography flame ionization detector 0.5 ag/g No data Letz et al. 1984... 

Cao, X.-L., and C. N. Hewitt, Build-up of Artifacts on Adsorbents during Storage and Its Effect on Passive Sampling and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection of Low Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in Air, . /. Chromatogr. A, 688, 368-374 (1994). 

Abbreviations GC/FID, gas chromatography/flame ionization detection GC/MS, gas chromato-graphy/mass spectrometry GC/PID, gas chromatography/photoionization detection Includes groundwater, sludges, caustic and acid liquors, waste solvents, oily wastes, mousses, tars, fibrous wastes, polymeric emulsions, filter cakes, spent carbons, spent catalysts, soils, and sediments... 

Gas chromatography flame ionization detector c Laboratory water and effluents 01 Gas chromatography mass spectrometry e Laboratory water NS, not specified... 

Abbreviations (iC/l ID, gas chromatography/flame ionization detection GC/MS, gas chromatogra-phy/mass spectrometry GC/NPD, gas chromatography/nitrogen-phosphorus detection... 

Abbreviations GC/EC, gas chromatography/electron capture detection GC/ECD, gas cliromato-graphy/electrolytic conductivity detection GCZFID, gas chromatography/flame ionization detection GC7MS, gas cliromatography/mass spectrometry... 

Phenols Gas chromatography/flame ionization detection Blaschke (1979)... 

Gamiz-Gracia and de Castro (2000) devised a subcritical extractor equipped with a three-way inlet valve and an on/off outlet valve to perform subcritical water extractions in a continuous manner for the isolation of fennel essential oil. The target compounds were removed from the aqueous extract by a single extraction with 5 ml hexane, determined by gas-chromatography-flame ionization and identified by mass spectrometry. This extraction method is superior to both hydrodistillation and dichloromethane manual extraction in terms of rapidity, efficiency, cleanliness and the possibility of manipulating the composition of the extract. 

Tsai reviewed the separation methods used in the determination of choline and acetylcholine [10]. This review surveyed the array of analytical techniques that have been adopted for the measurement of acetylcholine or its main precursor/metabolite (choline), ranging from simple (bioassay, radio enzymatic assay, gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high... 

Ballschmiter K, Schafer W, Swerev M (1987), Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 327 725.. .Quantitation of polychlorodibenzofuran standards by gas chromatography - flame ionization detection"... 

GC = gas chromatography GC/MS = gas chromatography/mass spectrometry GC/EICD = gas chromatography/electroLytic conductivity detector GC/PID = gas chromatography/photoionization detector GC/ECD = gas chromatography/electron captive detector GC/FID = gas chromatography/flame ionization detector RSD = relative standard deviation ppb = part per billion ppt = parts per trillion. 

Fig. 1 Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection chromatogram of a complex mixture of PAHs extracted by SFE from a contaminated soil. (1) naphthalene (2) 2-methylnaphthalene (3) 1-methylnaphthalene (4) acenaphthene (5) fluorene (6) dibenzothiophene (7) phenanthrene (8) anthracene (9) fluoranthene (10) pyrene (11) benzo(a)anthracene (12) chrysene (13) benzo(e)pyrene (14) benzo(a)pyrene (15) indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene (16) dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (17) benzo(g,h,i)perylene. (From Ref. [12].)...

Fig. 2 Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection chromatograms containing early artifact peaks from different solvent extraction methods Soxhlet, ASE (pie), SEE, and subcritical water extraction of a soil sample collected from a manufacturing gas plant site. The numbers refer to PAHs identified in the legend of Fig. 1. (From Ref. [12].)...

The key sample set selection for analytical method development has been discussed at length in Chapter 7. There are a great variety of methods used for monitoring impurities.1,2 The primary requirement for such techniques is the capacity to differentiate between the compounds of interest. This requirement frequently necessitates utilization of separation methods (covered in Section V. C) in combination with a variety of detectors (Section V. B). For gas chromatography, flame ionization and electron capture detectors are commonly used. However, these detectors are not suitable for isolation and characterization of impurities, which require... 

Non-chlorlnated hydrocarbons were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame Ionization detection (GC-FID) with a Hewlett-Packard Model 5890 GC fitted with a 30 m, 0.25 mm I.d. DB-5 column (J W Scientific). As for the ECD analyses, helium and nitrogen were the car-The column oven was programmed from 65 C 10 C/min and then heated to... 

Chemical identification infrared spectrum (Ferslew et al, 1986 Shreenivasan and Boese, 1970) UV spectrophotometry (Ferslew et al., 1986) gas chromatography, flame ionization (Zerba and Ruveda, 1972) isothermal gas chromatography (Jane and Wheals, 1972) ion mobility spectrophotometry in the negative-ion acquisition mode (Allinson and McLeod, 1997a,b Allinson et al., 1998) NMR spectra (Ferslew et al., 1986 Mesilaakso, 1996). 

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