Portable furnaces

You must not confound David Becker with John Joachim Bec/zer. The work which mentions his portable furnace is Joh. Joach. Becheri, D., Opuscula Chymica rariora,. . . [edited by] Friderico Roth-Scholtzio, Siles. Norimbergae Altorfii,. . . Anno M.DCCXIX. Becher was of the Jewish Nation, a man of the most extraordinary powers. This book is partly in Latin and partly in German. 

Carbon dioxide can be used to extinguish fires by smothering them. One form of portable fire extinguisher is a cylinder of liquid carbon dioxide—the gas can be liquefied at ordinary temperatures under pressures of about 70 atm. Some commercial carbon dioxide (mainly solid carbon dioxide) is made from the gas emitted in nearly pure state from gas wells in the western United States. Most of the carbon dioxide used commercially is a by-product of cement mills, lime-kilns, and iron blast furnaces. 

All work was carried out in a specially designed portable clean laboratory that also housed a Perkin-Elmer 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer with accompanying HGA-500 graphite furnace assembly and AS-40 autosampler (22). 

Appliances may be classified into three major types white goods, brown goods, and traffic appliances. White goods are primarily those products associated with laundry and refrigeration such as washers, dryers, dishwashers, ranges, refrigerators, and freezers. The name was due to the primary use of white for these products. Brown goods Include radios, television sets, furnaces, air conditioners, and home entertainment products, while traffic appliances include toasters, mixers, electric knives, fans, blenders, and other more portable items. 

Expose to a red heat in a portable furnace and in a covered crucible, one part of finely-powdered oxide... 

The hot end of a thin solid rod is made flush with the target surface. Thermocouples, located along the probe axis, are used to determine the axial internal temperature gradient that is assumed to be linear. The heat flux is calculated using a one-dimensional conduction equation. In most cases, the probe has shields to minimize heat flux from the sides. Figure 6.9 shows an example of a portable, water-cooled total heat flux probe used for inserting into high temperature furnace environments. 

A permanent CEMS and a portable handheld unit Enerac 2000 were used in these experiments. The CEMS is a permanently installed sampling system for monitoring the exhaust gas composition at the exit of the furnace. It consists of a water-cooled stainless steel probe, heat-traced transport lines, water removal system, and gas analyzers. NO is measured with a chemiluminescent and... 

A small refinery might install one to four furnace cameras in each crude oil heater. Hydrocarbon, petrochemical, and other industries also employ portable... 

FIGURE 160. Becher was nothing if not a venture capitalist, and here is the portable furnace he invented and marketed. One of these was purchased for twelve pounds by Robert Boyle. (From Becher s 1660 Natur--Kundigung der Metallen from The Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, a collection in the Othmer Library, CHE)... 

Humidifier- An appliance normally attached to the furnace, or portable unit device designed to increase the humidity within a room or a house by means of the discharge of water vapor. 

Pressure vessels do not have to be fired to be hazardous. Heat input can occur in other ways. The sun can heat outdoor pressure vessels, such as portable compressed gas cylinders and sample bomb cylinders, some that contain gases at pressures up to 2,000 psi at room temperature. These vessels should be stored or housed in shaded areas. For example, the vapor pressure of liquid carbon dioxide is 835 psi at 70°F and 2,530 psi at 140°F. Pressure vessels (cylinders) inside buildings should not be located near sources of heat, such as radiators or furnaces. 

Hand-held (portable) infrared temperature detectors for detecting heat loss from furnace shell or gas ducts, temperatures of bearings (can indicate need for immediate cleaning and lubrication), and electrical bus bars (can indicate loose contacts) ... 

Gay-Lussac invented a portable barometer, a steam injector pump, a maximum and minimum thermometer for use in the sea, a modified Volta s eudiometer, and an air thermometer and a spirit blow-lamp. He adapted an ordinary furnace for use as a muffle furnace and described a new method of heating with charcoal impregnated with sodium carbonate. 

The sodium reduction of titanium tetrachloride was actually carried out as early as 1939 in Germany, and about 670 kg was produced by the Deutsche Gold and Silber Scheideanstalt, during the 1939-45 war. The process, now obsolete, involved reduction in a molten bath of 50 per cent sodium chloride and 50 per cent potassium chloride at 800°C in an atmos phere of hydrogen. The reactors consisted of expendable welded sheet-iron cylindrical vessels, 50 cm diameter by 70 cm deep and 2 mm thick. These rested loosely in a stout iron crucible, fitted into a gas-fired furnace. A portable stirrer was used to agitate the reactor contents. Approximately 20 kg batches of titanium were reduced by distilling 85 kg of titanium tetrachloride at a controlled rate into a melt of 15 kg sodium chloride and 15 kg of potassium chloride, covered with a layer of 46 kg of molten sodium. The titanium sank to the bottom of the molten salts, and at the end of the reaction was recovered from the crushed solidified melt by leaching with dilute hydrochloric acid, in a ceramic-lined vessel. It was finally washed in water and dried at a moderate temperature. The same plant was also used for the production of zirconium metal by the sodium reduction of potassium fluorozirconate (KaZrF ]. 

A pumping system is available, capable of evacuating the retort to a pressure of 0 05 fi (mercury equivalent). This consists of an oil diffusion pump, backed by a mechanical pump. In order to reduce the maintenance rate of the main pumping system, a small portable vacuum pump is used to achieve a pressure of a few millimetres, before the main pump is started. The furnace... 

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