Sampling bomb

Oxidation stability (gasoline) (induction period) NFM 07-012 ISO/DlS 7536 ASTM D 525 Time necessary for a sample bomb under oxygen pressure to reach the critical induction point... 

Reid vapor pressure NF EN 12 (M 07-007) ISO 3007 ASTM D 323 Pressure in a sample bomb held at 37.8°C... 

Vapor pressure of LPG NFM 41-010 ISO 4256 ASTM D 1267 Pressure in a sample bomb held at predetermined temperature... 

Sampling saturated reservoirs with this technique requires special care to attempt to obtain a representative sample, and in any case when the flowing bottom hole pressure is lower than the bubble point, the validity of the sample remains doubtful. Multiple subsurface samples are usually taken by running sample bombs in tandem or performing repeat runs. The samples are checked for consistency by measuring their bubble point pressure at surface temperature. Samples whose bubble point lie within 2% of each other may be sent to the laboratory for PVT analysis. 

Fluid samples will be taken using downhole sample bombs or the MDT tool in selected development wells to confirm the PVT properties assumed in the development plan, and to check for areal and vertical variations in the reservoir. In long hydrocarbon columns (say 1000 ft) it is common to observe vertical variation of fluid properties due to gravity segregation. 

In the ARC (Figure 12-9), the sample of approximately 5 g or 4 ml is placed in a one-inch diameter metal sphere (bomb) and situated in a heated oven under adiabatic conditions. Tliese conditions are achieved by heating the chamber surrounding the bomb to the same temperature as the bomb. The thermocouple attached to the sample bomb is used to measure the sample temperature. A heat-wait-search mode of operation is used to detect an exotherm. If the temperature of the bomb increases due to an exotherm, the temperature of the surrounding chamber increases accordingly. The rate of temperature increase (selfheat rate) and bomb pressure are also tracked. Adiabatic conditions of the sample and the bomb are both maintained for self-heat rates up to 10°C/min. If the self-heat rate exceeds a predetermined value ( 0.02°C/min), an exotherm is registered. Figure 12-10 shows the temperature versus time curve of a reaction sample in the ARC test. 

The sample bombs used to collect gas and LPG products should be purged, marked, and ready. 

Sediment sample Bomb method of extraction Method 1 Method II Extraction with Im HCI after ignition Method 1 Method II Extraction with 1 HCI before ignition, Method 1... 

With the reactor operating at steady state producing quality product carbon black, the sample probe was inserted in port 1 and positioned to 0" from the reactor wall. The probe line was purged of the gases in the probe, a sample bomb attached and the valve on the bomb was opened to check the vacuum in the bomb. The sample probe was opened allowing gases to flow from the reactor until the pressure in the bomb was in equilibrium with that in the reactor. With the valves closed, the sample bomb was removed, the probe inserted to a new position, purged, a new sample extracted, and the process was repeated at all 11 sample ports at incremental distances from the reactor wall to the exact center of the reactor. 

ZnSe windows, is capable of operating up to 330 bar and 260 °C. The internal volume of the cell was 0.25 cm. Approximately 3 mg of the alumina supported Pd or Ru catalyst (in wafer form) were used as the catalyst. The 50 micron thick wafer (8 mm dia) was prepared by pressing the finely ground catalyst powders in a hydraulic press (Model M, Carver Inc.) at 1000 bar for 30 seconds. The catalyst wafer was loaded in the cell and reduced in situ as in the fixed-bed reactor. The wafer was then heated to 70 °C and exposed to 5 mol% hydrogen in CO2 at 138 bar. The H2/CO mixture was transferred to the cell from a 250 cm high pressure sample bomb. The IR spectrum was then collected at predetermined time intervals. 

The ARC calorimeter jacket and sample system are shown in Figure 11.49 (168). A spherical bomb is mounted inside a nickel-plated copper jacket with a swagelok fitting to a 0.0625 in. tee, on which is attached a pressure transducer and a sample thermocouple. The jacket is composed of three zones, top, side, and base, which are individually heated and controlled by the Nisil/Nicrosil type N thermocouples. The thermocouples are cemented on the inside surface of the jacket at a point one quarter the distance between the two cartridge heaters. The point is halfway between the hottesl and coldest spots of the jacket. The same type of thermocouple is clamped directly on the outside surface of the spherical sample bomb. All the thermocouples are referenced to the ice point that is designed to be stable to within 0.01°C. Adiabatic conditions are achieved by maintaining the bomb and jacket temperatures exactly equal. The sample holder has a capacity of 1-10 g of sample. Pressure in the system is monitored with a Serotec 0-2500 psi TJE pressure transducer pressure is limited in the vessel to 2500 psi. The maximum temperature of the system is 500°C. 

The comment about the commercially available systems shall be limited here to the following remarks. In the case of the RSST a correction of the measured data is absolutely necessary with respect to the heat exchange with the environment because the system works with a superpositioned external heater. On the other hand, the thermal inertia may be neglected, as values close to O = 1.04 are reported. The reverse is true for the ARC . In this case the heat exchange with the environment is successftilly suppressed, but the thermal inertia must be accounted for because this can take high values due to the use of stainless steel sample bombs. Each measuring system must be analyzed individually for both phenomena. 

Pressure vessels do not have to be fired to be hazardous. Heat input can occur in other ways. The sun can heat outdoor pressure vessels, such as portable compressed gas cylinders and sample bomb cylinders, some that contain gases at pressures up to 2,000 psi at room temperature. These vessels should be stored or housed in shaded areas. For example, the vapor pressure of liquid carbon dioxide is 835 psi at 70°F and 2,530 psi at 140°F. Pressure vessels (cylinders) inside buildings should not be located near sources of heat, such as radiators or furnaces. 

Sample containers. The required number of bottles and cans should be obtained. This is especially important in regard to gas chromatograph pressure sample bombs, which are usually in limited supply in most refineries. 

A sample that contains H2S and O2 in concentrations of interest to us should never be obtained in a steel sample bomb. The Ff2S and O2 will react to form water and solid sulfur. The metal walls of the steel bomb will catalyze the reaction. I use a mountain-bike tire inner tube which is pumped up with a small rubber handpump to catch such samples. The sample must still be analyzed promptly to minimize the disappearance of H S and Oi. 

Recirculation methods. When investigating equilibrium between fluid phases the system of interest is enclosed in a thermostatted stirred vessel with provision for recirculating both the phases [64]. The vapour phase is recirculated via a vapour sampling bomb and back to the equilibrium vessel where it bubbles up through the liquid. The liquid phase may also be recirculated via a liquid sample bomb. When it is considered that equilibrium has been reached, the pressure is noted and representative samples of the vapour and liquid phases are sealed off in the sample bombs, the contents of which are analysed. 

Four bombs (two Monel and two stainless steel) were loaded with polymer samples containing a given concentration of 2-MBT. Eight different concentrations of 2-MBT varying from 794 to 0 ppm were sampled. In addition, four sample bombs were loaded directly from the wellhead during backproduction of polymer-slug solution. The backproduced samples had 0 ppm 2-MBT. 

The y2-in. OD sample bombs were constructed from 316 stainless steel and Monel-alloy. Each tube is 18 in. long and has a cap and valve. Two stainless and two Monel tubes were used for each concentration in an attempt to establish whether the iron content of stainless steel could have a detrimental effect on polymer stability. A Teflon-coated cylinder (approximate length, 0.984 in., OD 0.306 in.) was inserted into each tube. In an attempt to eliminate extraneous oxygen from the bombs, the tubes were flushed with hundreds of volumes of solution and the outflow caps were tightened. The inflow valves were then closed, and the tubes brought back to the research laboratory for storage at 165°F. 

To date, the iron in the stainless-steel sample bombs has not had a detrimental effect on polyacrylamide stability. 

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