Historic chemicals

Fuel Characteristics. Historically, chemical reprocessing of irradiated fuel was developed specifically to handle the U.S. government s defense-related fuels. These were of two types. There were the very low enrichments and bum-ups, eg, 0.9% U and 2000 MW-d/t, as was used for... 

Anonymous. National Historic Chemical Landmark The First Nylon Plant. American Chemical Society, 1995. Source for current nylon production. 

Historical, chemical, and toxicological interest in PAHs and PACs goes back over two centuries when Sir... 

Historically chemicals that have posed major environmental hazards tend to share three insidious characteristics environmental persistence, the propensity to accumulate in living things, and high toxicity. 

J. T. Stock, Historical chemical instrumentation from the cellar upwards , Bull. Hist. Chem., 1994,15/16, 1-8. 

Historically, chemical modification of starch was the first widely-investigated method for producing starch-based plastics. Attempts at forming cast films from starch or amy-lose showed that the properties were highly dependent on relative humidity the films became brittle at low humidities.4 Figure 19.2 shows data for films of various amylose/ amylopectin ratios conditioned at 50% relative humidity and 23°C. Efforts to overcome... 

Figure 1.2 Historical chemical laboratory screw from Bayer with vertical arrangement of the screws...

Figure i. Distilling furnaces, as depicted in [Peter Kertzemnacher], Alchimia das ist alle Farben, Wassei, Olea, Salia, und Alumina. . . zubereyten (Frankfurt am Main Bey C. Engenoffs Erben, 1570). (From the Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, a collection in the Othmer Library, Chemical Heritage Foundation. Photo hy Douglas A. 

To protect the aluminum joint from the effects of the environment, especially water and corrosion, an artificially thickened oxide layer is generally formed on the surface. Historically, chemical etching as a surface preparation has provided the surest way of obtaining durable adhesive bonds with aluminum. 

Historical chemical characters were made to live. Who will ever forget the lecture on Mendeleeffs prediction of the properties... 

Ron G. Manley, Chemical Weapon Agent and Historic Chemical Munitions Disposal The British Experience , in Thomas Stock and Karlheinz Lohs, eds. The Challenge of Old Chemical Munitions and Toxic Armament Wastes (New York Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 231-240. 

The industry s medicinal chemists have over the years engineered relatively small structural changes in the basic structural chemical scaffolds, and both the clinical candidates and the backups were often from the same structural class. In order to arrive at fundamentally new scaffolds, there was a strong reliance on natural products. The main 8 to 10 scaffolds discovered in the begirming of the twentieth century are used heavily and represent the key structures of the majority of compounds of historical chemical libraries in all the major pharmaceutical companies. The answer to the question How many chemical entities are there may depend on one s definition, but almost all the chemical entities currently marketed can be traced to these scaffolds. 

Historically, chemical patents have always been important in the United States. As early as 1641, Massachusetts granted a patent, the first issued on this continent, to Samuel Winslow, for a 10-year term, on a method of making salt. The first United States patent law was the Act of April 10, 1790. The first patent under this law was granted July 31, 1790, to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont for a method of making pot and pearl ashes. ... 

Historically chemical pulping was carried out in large batch digesters (200-400 m ). However, the trend is towards the use of continuous digesters, now accounting for about 65% of kraft production. The largest in operation have production capacities of more than 2000 tonnes of pulp a day. 

The Fluid Bed Reactor, A National Historic Chemical Landmark. American Chemical Society, 1998 (published to commemorate the designation of the fluid reactor as a National Historic Chemical Landmark). 

The inventors, J.P. Hogan and R.L. Banks, were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame, in Akron, Ohio, in 2001, to join other distinguished inventors spanning two centuries who have shaped our world. The Oklahoma building in which the discovery took place, and in which this author still works, was later designated as a "National Historic Chemical Landmark" by the American Chemical Society. 

FIGURE 3 Plaque from the American Chemical Society designating the small research building in which the chromium catalyst discovery took place, and in which this author has also worked for more than 35 years, as a National Historic Chemical Landmark. 

United States Synthetic Rubber Program, 1939 1945. National Historic Chemical Landmarks, American Chemical Society. http //acswebcontent.acs.org/landmarks/landmarks/rbb/ rbb begin.html (accessed on December 29, 2005). 

FIGURE 24. A sixteenth-cenmry mineral assayer s laboratory from the second (1580) edition of Lazarus Ercker s treatise on mining and metallurgy. The woodblock used to print the first edition (1574), and this (second) edition was preserved and employed for over 160 years through the final 1736 edition. (From The Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library, a collection in the Othmer Library, CHF.)... 

I thank The Roy G. Neville Historical Chemical Library (California) for supplying this image, and I am grateful to Dr. Neville for helpful discussions. 

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