Fungi mutations

Fungi Mutation Saccharomyces cerevisiae Reversion of auxotrophic mutations (e.g. ilv in strain D7 several in strain XV185-14C) Point mutations <3 -wk L L S-M NA... 

Fungi Mutation Neurospora crassa ad-3 system red adenine mutants Gene (forward) mutations and small deletions in ad3A and ad3B <2 mo M M M L... 

Eukaryotic organisms Fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae Gene mutation Hart 1980... 

Weeks et al. 1979) or DNA damage (Nakamura et al. 1987) following hexachloroethane treatment. Similar results were reported for eukaryotic cells. Hexachloroethane did not cause gene mutation in cells harvested from the stationary growth phase (Bronzetti et al. 1989) or DNA damage in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (Simmon and Kauhanen 1978), chromosomal aberrations in fungi (Aspergillus nidulans) (Crebelli et al. 

Following the first demonstration of the deleterious effect of radiation and ultimately that of chemicals on genetic material, numerous test systems have been used to study the induction of DNA damage, chromosomal aberrations, and mutations. This broad spectrum of activity resulted in the birth of genetic toxicology. The test organisms include prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria, fungi) and eukaryotes (e.g., yeast, fruit flies, plants, mammals). 

In C albicans, mutations that block cAMP/PKA pathway suppress or delay the apoptotic response to H2O2 and amphotericin B. By contrast, mutations that result in constitutive activation of the RAS pathway accelerate entry into the apoptotic pathway Apoptosis and quorum sensing in filamentous fungi are phenomena associated with stress responses, a recurring motif in morphogenesis and secondary metabolism. The treatment of Colletotrichum trifolii with proline, a known stress relief chemical, suppressed apoptosis associated with Ras as well as apoptosis associated with a variety of other stresses. 

Dichloromethane induced DNA single-strand breaks in mammalian cell cultures, but inconclusive or negative effects were reported for induction of gene mutations. It did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis either in vivo in rodents or in human fibroblast cultures. It was genotoxic in fungi but not in Drosophila in the sex-linked recessive lethal assay. 

Epoxybutane induced morphological transformation, sister chromatid exchanges, chromosomal aberrations and mutation in cultured animal cells however, in a single study, it did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes. It induced sex-linked recessive lethal mutations and translocations in Drosophila melanogaster, mitotic recombination in yeast, and mutations in yeast and fungi. 1,2-Epoxybutane induced DNA damage and mutations in bacteria. 

Trichloroethane did not cause mutation in plants or sex-linked mutation in Drosophila. It did not induce DNA damage, gene conversion, mutation or aneuploidy in yeast or genetic crossing-over or aneuploidy in fungi, but it was mutagenic to some bacterial strains. 

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