Fungi kingdom

Mold is part of the taxonomic fungi kingdom. These kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animals) represent the known life-forms on the planet Earth. 

The Fungi kingdom consists primarily of multicelled organisms, like molds and mildews, but there are a few one-celled... 

Fig. (1). Phylogenetic Relationships of Major Groups in the Fungi Kingdom.

Distinctive features of the true fungi (Kingdom Mycota)... 

The potassium or calcium salt form of oxaUc acid is distributed widely ia the plant kingdom. Its name is derived from the Greek o>ys, meaning sharp or acidic, referring to the acidity common ia the foflage of certain plants (notably Oxalis and Mmex) from which it was first isolated. Other plants ia which oxahc acid is found are spinach, rhubarb, etc. Oxahc acid is a product of metabohsm of fungi or bacteria and also occurs ia human and animal urine the calcium salt is a principal constituent of kidney stones. 

Antheridium Male gametangium found in the phylum Oomycota (Kingdom Stramenopila) and phylum Ascomycota (Kingdom Fungi). 

United Kingdom National Culture Collection (UKNCC) CABI, CCAP (fungi), CCAP (marine), ECACC, NCIMB, NCTC, NCPF, NCPPB, NCWRF, NCYC, NCPV - Strain databases. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, LAM Culture Collection. 

Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are more highly evolved than bacteria (Chapter 17). They are members of the plant kingdom and include molds, mildew, smuts, rusts, and yeasts. They range in size from 3 to 50 fim. With the exception of yeasts, they are usually rod shaped and arranged end-to-end in strands or filaments. Yeasts are usually oval. 

Although this manual is concerned with higher plants, some chapters present information relevant to lower plants. In this connection, the position of the fungi has been debated for years. Most taxonomists do not include fungi in the plant kingdom. However, this manual includes some fungal systems since they are involved in wood decay. 

Composting is a biological process mediated by microbes belonging to the kingdom Protest, which includes bacteria, algae, fungi, protozoa, and virus particles (Table 12.2). Microbes can be classified into metabolic types based on the carbon and energy sources utilized by the cell. Autotrophs use carbon dioxide as a... 

Quinones are widespread in natnre (Thomson, 1971) and have a variety of functions in the life cycles of most kinds of living organisms. These diketones are fonnd in higher plants, fungi, bacteria, and throughout the animal kingdom, and they play a central role in many biosynthetic processes that involve electron transport, such as cellular respiration (nbiqninone) and photosynthesis (plastoqninone). Vitamin K is an important factor in blood... 

DKPs are simple and easy to obtain and are quite common by-products of synthetic, spontaneous, and biological formation pathways. DKP formation has been well documented as side reactions of solid-phase and solution-phase peptide synthesis. In addition, DKPs have been shown to be decomposition products of various peptides, proteins, and other commercial pharmaceuticals. Cyclic dipeptides were found to be present in solutions of human growth hormone, bradykinin, histerlin, and solutions of agents within the classes of penicillins and cephalosporins. " DKPs are also enzymatically synthesized in several protists and in members of the plant kingdom. Hydrolysates of proteins and polypeptides often contain these compounds and they are commonly isolated from yeasts, lichens, and fungi. ... 

Purple acid phosphatase (PAP) or tartrate-resistant phosphatase is not thought to be a protein phosphatase but it has a very similar dimetallic active site structure to that found in protein phosphatases. PAPs have been identified in bacteria, plants, mammals, and fungi. The molecular weights (animal 35 kDa, plant 55 kDa) are different and they exhibit low sequence homology between kingdoms but the residues involved in coordination of the metal ions are invariant. " There has been considerable debate as to the identity of the metal ions in PAPs in vivo. Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas, has been shown to possess two different PAP enzymes and the active site of one of them has been shown to contain one Fe and one Zn " " ion. Another report has established that the active site of a PAP from sweet potato contains one Fe " and one Mn +. The well-characterized red kidney bean enzyme and the soybean enzyme contain Fe " and Zn. Claims that PAP from sweet potato has 2Fe ions or 2Mn ions have been discussed elsewhere. One explanation is that these are different forms of the enzyme, another is that because the metal ions are labile and are rapidly incorporated into the active site, the enzyme contains a mixture of metal ions in vivo and the form isolated depends on the conditions of isolation. 

The arguments for dividing all living creatures into five kingdoms Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae. (Compare the Woese et al. paper below.)... 

A second major mechanism of resistance to tomatine involves enzymatic detoxification by tomatinases. Although saponins are very numerous and widely distributed in the plant kingdom, detailed studies on saponin detoxification by fungi have been restricted to pathogens of a few plant species, principally to oat and the Solanaceous tomato and potato. This is because structures and antifungal properties of oat, tomato and potato saponins are well established, and that saponin profiles of these plants are relatively simple, in contrast to other plants like alfalfa, where over 20 predominant different saponins have been identified. 

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