Functional Layout

Equal efficiency may be possible with a number of layouts, some of which will permit minimum building costs, while others would needlessly increase these costs. Thus, although sound economic reasons may often dictate a functional, layout that requires an expensive building, the... 

Functional layout—A facility configuration in which operations of a similar nature or function are grouped together an organizational structure based on departmental specialty (e.g., saw, lathe, mill, heat treat, and press). 

Ergonomics is most important in a lean endeavor at the design level. By their nature, well-designed workstations eliminate waste and many of the risk factors associated with traditional workstations and functional layouts. 

Functional Layout The practice of grouping machines or activities by type of operation performed. 

The overall functional layout of a control loop is extremely important. The design must accommodate svich diverse requirements as ... 

Figure 8. Block diagram functional layout of an SPM instrument.

Figure 3.16 Schematic diagram showing the functional layout of a simultaneous mode discrete-dynode detector.

System chart A description of how the components are interconnected. A functional layout diagram of the system must show all functional interconnections of the components. 

In many cases the cell design is "all or nothing , in that all parts are grouped into a cell, and there is no allowances for prioritizing changes from a functional layout to a cellular layout. 

The function of offshore production facilities are very much the same as those described for land operations. An offshore production platform is rather like a gathering station hydrocarbons have to be collected, processed and evacuated for further treatment or storage. However, the design and layout of the offshore facilities are very different from those on land for the following reasons ... 

Fig.l shows the layout of the SPATE 9000 system. It basically consists of a scan unit connected to a signal amplifier. The signals are then correlated with a reference signal derived from a load transducer (e.g. strain gauge, load cell, accelerometer, or function generator). 

Our reviewer felt the molecule builder was easy to use. It is set up for organic molecules. Specialized building modes are available for peptides, nucleotides, and carbohydrates. It is also possible to impose constraints on the molecular geometry. Functions are accessed via a separate window with buttons labeled with abbreviated names. This layout is convenient to use, but not completely self-explanatory. The program is capable of good-quality rendering. At the time of this book s publication, a new three-dimensional graphic user interface called Maestro was under development. 

The grounds represent the bottom branch of the current loops discussed earlier. Grounds, though, serve a very important function as the common point of reference for the circuitry. Therefore, grounds must be carefully placed in the layout. Intermingling these grounds will cause problems with the stability of the power supply. 

Table 13.17 lists some of the important considerations for the different fume capture techniques. From the point of view of cost effectiveness, the usual preference is source collection or a low-level hood, provided an acceptable scheme can be developed within the process, operating, and layout constraints. The cost of fume control systems is almost a direct function of the gas volume being handled. Flence, the lower volume requirements for the source capture or low-level hood approach often results in significant capital and operating cost savings for the fume control system. 

Perform layout inspection and functional testing at a frequency defined by the customer. 

Representational layout of control panels. Where the physical location of items is important, for example, area displays in fire control systems, the layout of the displays on a control panel should reflect the geographical layout of the plant. In other cases a functional arrangement of the elements of the process plant will be appropriate, for example, when monitoring the status of the system via an alarm panel. 

Skill-based Errors manual variability strong but wrong action sequences Train for physical and manipulative skills (repeated practice and feedback) Checklists setting out starting and finishing activities and checks Layout and labeling of controls and process lines Distinguish tetween plant areas with similar appearance but different functions Provide feedback... 

Evaluation level create a system, in accordance with ergonomic criteria, that is error tolerant and supports error recovery redesign charging manifold (see Figure 7.7) using functional grouping corresponding to the actual layout of system. 

The rig selection will dictate the basic layout of the pad. Based on the necessary area needed to support its functions, ancillary equipment may be added in space conservative measures. In addition to the placement of various stationary rig site components, other operations such as logging, trucking and subsequent completion operations must be provided for. The most environmentally sensitive design will impact the least amount of area, and in that it will be the most economic. Potential pad sites and access routes should be laid out on a topographic map prior to the actual survey. At this time, construction costs can be estimated and compared. Figure 4484 shows such a layout. The cost of building a location includes the cost of reclamation such as any remediation. 

Example The auxiliary functions in Figure 51.9 are identified as those work elements performed by the craftsper-son which are part of the job, but which are not apparent after the work is completed. These include such functions as job planning by the craftsman, travel time, obtaining materials, and miscellaneous get-ready and clean-up work. The auxiliary time is affected by the physical facilities involved, such as facility layout, location of shops, degree of material delivery, and so forth. If sufficient studies are taken, the auxiliary work can be related to the direct work and ratios determined for each craft by type of work. 

When the overall boiler system layout and key equipment functions and interdependence are clearly understood (systems surveys are... 

Figure 14. Analytical layout and flows. Refer to text for functional descriptions. (Reprinted from C. L. Bauer and W. V. Childs, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142,2286-2290,1994. Reproduced with permission of The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)...

The purpose of this section is to explain in a qualitative way how the product quality is related to the calendering parameters. Therefore a simplified calender model is presented. The model describes the pressure buildup in the calender nip region as a function of compound viscosity, clearance, calender line speed, rolling bank height, as well as geometrical data. The general layout of a typical steel and fabric cord calender is explained by means of the result of the presented calender model. 

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