Fuel influences

Recently, Razumovskid441 studied the shape of drops, and satellite droplets formed by forced capillary breakup of a liquid jet. On the basis of an instability analysis, Teng et al.[442] derived a simple equation for the prediction of droplet size from the breakup of cylindrical liquid jets at low-velocities. The equation correlates droplet size to a modified Ohnesorge number, and is applicable to both liquid-in-liquid, and liquid-in-gas jets of Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluids. Yamane et al.[439] measured Sauter mean diameter, and air-entrainment characteristics of non-evaporating unsteady dense sprays by means of an image analysis technique which uses an instantaneous shadow picture of the spray and amount of injected fuel. Influences of injection pressure and ambient gas density on the Sauter mean diameter and air entrainment were investigated parametrically. An empirical equation for the Sauter mean diameter was proposed based on a dimensionless analysis of the experimental results. It was indicated that the Sauter mean diameter decreases with an increase in injection pressure and a decrease in ambient gas density. It was also shown that the air-entrainment characteristics can be predicted from the quasi-steady jet theory. 

Kashparov V. A., Protsak V. P., Ahamdach N., Stammose D., Peres J. M., Yoschenko V. I., and Zvarich S. I. (2000) Dissolution kinetics of particles of irradiated Chernobyl nuclear fuel influence of pH and oxidation state on the release of radionuclides in the contaminated soil of Chernobyl. J. Nuclear Mater. 279, 225-233. 

Processes of burning of powders, rocket fuels Influence of crystal structure on the composition of the primary products of decomposition Rise of the accuracy, precision, and efficiency of measurements... 

On the basis of Table 1, breeding appears to have an enormous advantage over burning. It must be remembered, however, that the price of the fuel is only one of the cost items of a reactor (around 20 per cent) and it is believed that, as a rule, the capital cost of a breeder may be higher than that of a burner. The present tendency to build burners clearly shows that it is at least easier to build a burner than a breeder. Finally, beyond a certain point, the reduction of the price of the fuel influences the cost of power very little. 

Addition of Pb(C2H5)4 to diesel fuels influences exhaust gas and particulate composition [340, 556], reduces soot and smoke production during combustion [669, 808, 897], and provides greater power output [788, 808] see also [637, 905]. 

Now the analyst is faced with additional complications. These include the need to produce results faster, in more detail, at lower concentration levels to reduce costs (usually in the form of analyst labor) and to provide higher-quality results. In addition, federal and state regulations, particularly on spark-ignition engine fuels, influence method choice. Thus, method choice is now even more difficult. 

Influence of the sulfur content in diesel fuel on particulate emissions as a, function of the catalytic converter inlet temperature. 

Influence of the Chemical Composition of Motor Fuels and Heating Oils on the Environment... 

Influence of the chemical composition of the fuel on pollutant emissions from vehicles in the US (auto/oil program). 

Numerous works have been directed towards studying the influence of diesel fuel hydrotreatment on emissions. 

Influence of hydrotreating a diesel fuel on particulate emissions. 

Influence of the Nitrogen Content of Heavy Fuels on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions... 

Coley, T.R. (1989), Diesel fuel additives influencing flow and storage properties . In Gasoline and diesel fuel additives (Owen, K. Ed.). John Wiley. 

Montagne, X., D. Merrier and J.-C. Guibet (1987), "Fouling of automotive diesel injectors. Test procedure, influence of composition of diesel oil and additives". SAE paper No. 87-2118, International fuels and lubricants meeting, Toronto, Ontario. 

Odgers, J. and D. Kretschmer (1986), Gas turbine fuels and their influence on combustion. Abacus Press, Cambridge, USA. 

The Beckstead-Derr-Price model (Fig. 1) considers both the gas-phase and condensed-phase reactions. It assumes heat release from the condensed phase, an oxidizer flame, a primary diffusion flame between the fuel and oxidizer decomposition products, and a final diffusion flame between the fuel decomposition products and the products of the oxidizer flame. Examination of the physical phenomena reveals an irregular surface on top of the unheated bulk of the propellant that consists of the binder undergoing pyrolysis, decomposing oxidizer particles, and an agglomeration of metallic particles. The oxidizer and fuel decomposition products mix and react exothermically in the three-dimensional zone above the surface for a distance that depends on the propellant composition, its microstmcture, and the ambient pressure and gas velocity. If aluminum is present, additional heat is subsequently produced at a comparatively large distance from the surface. Only small aluminum particles ignite and bum close enough to the surface to influence the propellant bum rate. The temperature of the surface is ca 500 to 1000°C compared to ca 300°C for double-base propellants. 

Climate and Environmental Factors. The biomass species selected for energy appHcations and the climate must be compatible to faciUtate operation of fuel farms. The three primary climatic parameters that have the most influence on the productivity of an iadigenous or transplanted species are iasolation, rainfall, and temperature. Natural fluctuations ia these factors remove them from human control, but the information compiled over the years ia meteorological records and from agricultural practice suppHes a valuable data bank from which to develop biomass energy appHcations. Ambient carbon dioxide concentration and the availabiHty of nutrients are also important factors ia biomass production. 

There is an inherent economic penalty associated with producing Hquids from either natural gas or soHd coal feedstock. Synthetic Hquid fuels technologies are generally not economically competitive with cmde oil processing in the absence of extraneous influences such as price supports or regulations. 

In the United States, the Clean Air Act of 1970 imposed limitations on composition of new fuels, and as such methanol-containing fuels were required to obtain Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) waivers. Upon enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, EPA set for waiver unleaded fuels containing 2 wt % maximum oxygenates excluding methanol (0.3 vol % maximum). Questions regarding methanol s influence on emissions, water separation, and fuel system components were raised (80). 

W. Trioks, Industrial Furnaces, Fuels, Furnace Types and Furnace Equipment—Their S election and Influence Upon Furnace Operation, 4th ed., Vol. II, John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, 1967, 358 pp., emphasis placed on heating furnaces (fuel-fired and electric) rather than melting furnaces. 

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