Fruit-fly control

Steiner, L. F., Mitchell, W. C., Ohinata, K., Fruit Fly Control with Poisoned-Bait Sprays in Hawaii, USDA Pub. ARS-33-3 (revised November 1958). 

FIGURE 5.5 Deterministic population projections for an oriental fruit fly control population and a population exposed to the acephate EEC resulting in 83% mortality. 

Fipronil as an insecticide was first introduced by Rhone Poulenc Agro in 1993. It is also used for termite and fruit fly control in Australia and throughout the Pacific Region, but not registered yet in the U.S. for that use. Fipronil acts by blocking the chloride channels in the central nervous system (1) and is very effective in the case of flea control on pets (2,3) and wild animals (4). Its... 

The chemical profiling of parasitic wasps could be of great interest in their morphology and taxonomy definition. Moreover, certain species of these wasps in the family Braconidae have been assessed for a possible role in integrated pest management strategies, particularly in fruit fly control regimens. 

Mahmoud MF. Combining the botanical insecticides NSK extract, NeemAzal T 5%, Neemix 4.5% and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinemema feltiae Cross N33 to control the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders). Plant Protect Sci. 2007 43 19-25. 

The oriental fruit fly and the banana aphid vector of bunchy-top have so far been found only in the Pacific, the former as far east as Hawaii and the latter in Australia. Control measures for the fruit fly are insecticidal sprays and biological control. Bunchy-top is being held under control with insecticide spray of banana aphids and roguing of diseased plants. 

Some problems presented by Tephritid fruit flies and the potential damage Which these fruit flies could do to our fruit and vegetable crops on the mainland of the USA are briefly mentioned. The role of attractants in population monitoring and control is also briefly discussed. Two potential Mediterranean fruit fly attractants are presented (+) — a-copaene, from... 

Calkins (1) reported a conservative estimate of 59 million dollars for chemical controls, 38 million dollars for quarantine and fumigation, and 260 million dollars in crop losses. However these figures are small conq>ared to the estimated 15 billion dollars of fruits and vegetables grown per year in California alone. Now that the importance of controlling these fruit flies has been shown, some control methods and efforts to keep these flies from spreading are presented. Some attractants, such as hydrocarbons from kerosene and essential oils, are discussed. 

Dr. Chambers has written an excellent review article on "Attractants for Fruit Fly Survey and Control" (5 ). In this review. Chambers discusses the development of parapheromones and food baits and the implementation of these attractants. Thousands of compounds were screened in Hawaii and in Mexico during the period of 1950 to 1955 (6), and this screening process yielded some promising candidates. Methyl eugenol, proposed by Steiner in 1952 (X), remains the most effective lure for the Oriental fruit fly. Cue lure, found by Beroza in 1960 (8), is a good lure for the melon... 

The complexity of regulatory circuits in eukaryotic cells is extraordinary as the following discussion shows. We conclude the section with an illustrated description of one of the most elaborate circuits the regulatory cascade that controls development in fruit flies. 

In the interim (1981) the compound was used to fumigate citrus in California to control the Mediterranean fruit fly infestation. At stake was the citrus export to Japan, valued at about 100 million (ref. 27). 

The fact that the substituents on the side chains can control the conformation of the spiroketal centre means that it is not necessary to worry about that centre in a synthesis, provided you are trying to make the spiroketal that has the double anomeric stabilization (both oxygens axial) and that has any substituents equatorial on the rings. A recent (1997) synthesis of a single enantiomer of some fruit-fly pheromones from an aspartic acid-derived bromodiol is shown overleaf. It involves three different-sized oxygen heterocycles. 

A further complication arose when it was discovered that in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera Trypetidae) the corpora allata of adult virgin females produce, in addition to JHB-3, smaller amounts of methyl palmitate and less of JH III.97 Mated females produced much less methyl palmitate. It is suggested that methyl palmitate may be a default product of methylation, in the absence of JH, but it does not rule out the possibility that it also participates in some way in reproductive maturation and control, because its presence is correlated with the period of nonreceptivity toward mating in adult females of... 

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