Fruit assessing

Lampe, J.W. 1999. Health effects of vegetables and fruit Assessing mechanisms of action in human experimental studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70, 475S-490S. 

The goal of this book is thus to assess progress in the field, to identify fruitful new research directions, to summarize the substantial progress that has thus far been made with theoretical studies, and to clarify some unusual features of carbon-based materials that are relevant to the interpretation of experiments on carbon nanotubes that are now being so actively pursued. A second goal of this book is thus to stimulate further progress in research on carbon nanotubes and related materials. 

Bassett, J. and McClure, P. (2008). A risk assessment approach for fresh fruits. /. Appl. Microbiol. 104, 925-943. 

One common objective of an LSMBS is to refine the estimates of actual exposure of consumers to ingredients or impurities in one or more products. For example, study results might be intended to determine a realistic human dietary exposure to pesticide residues in fresh fruits and vegetables. The advent of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) has produced an enhanced focus on the exposure of children to pesticides. A well-designed and implemented LSMBS would afford the opportunity to delineate better the exposure and risk to children and other population subgroups. The LSMBS would provide consumer-level data at or near the point of consumption, allowing the refined, relevant, and realistic assessments of dietary exposure. 

OPMBS data were intended to support a valid estimate of the dietary exposure of populations and sub-populations to organophosphate residues in fresh fmits and vegetables. The results of the study were presented to the EPA in a report, with appropriate summaries. All of the study results, i.e., residue levels of each compound determined in each sample of each commodity, were also provided to the EPA in a database. EPA has recently notified the task force that the OPMBS study on the frequency and magnitude of organophosphate residues in fruits and vegetables is acceptable. The EPA is expected to utilize the data in a new assessment of potential dietary risk from organophosphate residues. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Bioconcentration of diisopropyl methylphosphonate occurs primarily in the leaves of plants (O Donovan and Woodward 1977a, 1977b). However, DIMP also bioconcentrates in the edible root portions of radishes and carrots, and in the fruit of tomato plants at lower levels. Exposure may occur through the ingestion of fruits and vegetables that have been irrigated with DIMP contaminated water. Additional studies are needed to assess the potential for bioconcentration in plants. While it is possible that diisopropyl methylphosphonate may enter the food chain via animal feed, DIMP is rapidly changed to IMPA by animals that eat it. Therefore, it is unlikely that DIMP will be bioaccumulated in animals and be present further up the food chain. 

Raman measurements of skin carotenoid levels could be used as an indirect, rapid optical method to assess fruit and vegetable consumption in large populations. 

Associations between breast cancer and total and specific fruit and vegetable group intakes were examined using standardized exposure definitions (Smith-Warner and others 2001). Data sources were eight prospective studies that had at least 200 incident breast cancer cases, included assessment of usual dietary intake, and had completed a validation study of the diet assessment method or a closely related instrument. 

Huyskens-Keil S and Schreiner M. 2004. Quality dynamics and quality assurance of fresh fruit and vegetables in pre- and postharvest. In Dris R and Jain S, editors. Production Practices and Quality Assessment of Food Crops. Dordrecht Kluwer Academic, pp. 101 119. 

This assay has been used to determine the antioxidant activity of common vegetables, fruits including apples and strawberries (Eberhardt and others 2000 Chu and others 2002 Sun and others 2002 MacLean and others 2003 Meyers and others 2003), and fruit juices (Lichtenthaler and Marx 2005). No studies have yet reported the application of TOSC assay for the assessment of in vivo antioxidant status. 

Tapia, M.S. and Welti-Chanes, J. 2002. Approaches for safety assessment of minimally processed fruits and vegetables. In Engineering and Food for the 21st Century (J. Welti-Chanes, G.V. Barbosa-Canovas, and J.M. Aguilera, eds), pp. 671-695. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 

Early field surveys depended on identification of a syndrome of responses that included symptoms on both native and cultivated plant species. Middleton and Paulus directed the first large-scale survey to determine the extent and severity of photochemical-oxidant effects in California on crops of agronomic importance. Th delineated four categories of crops (field, flower, fruit, and vegetable) and one of weeds. This was the most extensive survey of oxidant effects until the late 1960 s. The information was later used as a basis for subjective estimates of economic losses. This type of visual assessment of foliar injury has been attempted in many states and has been purposefully developed in some for use in economic estimates of damage to vegetation. 

---