From chemical smokes

Burning-type smoke compositions are intimate mixtures of chemicals. Smoke is produced from these mixtures by either of two methods. 

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless, highly poisonous gas or liquid (below 26.7 °C) having an odor of bitter almonds (Hartung 1994 Pesce 1994). It is a weak acid. Exposures may occur in industrial situations as well as from cigarette smoke and combustion products and from naturally occurring cyanide compounds in foods. There is a potential for exposure when any acid is mixed with a cyanide salt. Intravenously administered sodium nitroprusside (Na2[Fe(CN)5N0]-2H20) has been used clinically to lower blood pressure (Schulz et al. 1982). Chemical and physical properties are listed in Table 5-2. 

Environmental behaviour of carbon nanostructures is extremely difficult to predict because they contain on their surface a number of adsorbed substances such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), which are known carcinogenic substances. Carbon nanoparticles generated by combustion processes, in particular from cigarette smoke contain thousands of different chemicals, which may be toxic to living species [16],... 

Table 2 Physical properties and chemical components analyzed from the smoke particles in the northern European regions...

Particle physical properties typically change under the impact of smoke plume but these changes may not be specific for the wildfire smoke. In addition to biomass burning, particle mass or number concentration can increase due to the biogenic or other anthropogenic sources, e.g., traffic or industrial emissions. Chemical composition of particles is more unique to particle source, however, particles with similar chemistry can have different origin. Physical and chemical properties of the LRT biomass burning particles observed in Northern Europe are discussed below. Physical properties and the chemical components measured from the smoke particles are summarized in Table 2. The measurements of PM mass concentrations are excluded from Table 2 as nearly all the studies had some measurements of particle mass. 

Increasing evidence indicates that diet/nutrition plays an important role in modulating the action and/or metabolism of a number of chemicals, drugs and environmental pollutants. Nutrients are essential for all fundamental cellular processes. The nutritional status of the affected subject may, therefore, influence cellular susceptibility to the effect of xenobiotics, including those from cigarette smoke. While the precise role of vitamin E in cellular metabolism is not yet clear, the vitamin may protect essential cellular components from the adverse effects of xenobiotics either via a free radical scavenging mechanism or as a component of the cell membrane (10-11). Administration of vitamin E has been shown to lessen the toxicity of a variety of compounds (12-16). 

Long available from chemical supply houses, 5-methoxy-DMT is about five times as strong as DMT when smoked and the shortest-acting of all these compounds. The experience is characterized by a "rush similar to that from amyl nitrate. There is little in the way of visuals, but intense thoughts and perhaps bodily sensations last for five to ten minutes. Many people don t like it in his Psychedelic Chemistry, Michael Valentine Smith compares its effects to having an elephant sit on one s head. 

Did you know that if you extracted all the DNA from your cells and put them end to end, they would stretch to the sun and back 600 times This is because we have approximately 10 trillion cells in our body and each cell contains thousands of DNA molecules. These cell molecules are under constant chemical and environmental attack and so there is a similar number of repair events to restore these structures. There are approximately 1020 harmful attacks on the cells of our bodies each day from chemicals, oxidizing free radicals, uv light, cigarette smoke, etc. Unless repair is done quickly, these cells can form deformed structures and cause many molecular-based diseases, including cancers. This is why a constant supply of food in a balanced diet is essential for healthy living. Snack food and slimming diets sometimes lack essential proteins and minerals. 

W e have already pointed out that the military term smoke comprehends two b Lsically different phenomena (1) an aerial concentration of minute solid particles resulting from combustion, and (2) an aerial concentration of minute liquid particles resulting from chemical reactions not involving combustion. Neither of these phenomena can be scientifically clasafied into any of the three standard physical states of matter. On the contraiy, both are dispersed forms of matter, known as coUoidid stispensions or solutions. 

We have two methods to obtain smoke. One is to cool a vaporized substance in order to obtain fine particles of the same substance i.e, the original material this is a "physical smoke". The other method is to obtain fine particles, which are different from the original nature of the material, by some chemical reaction, e,g, burning etc this is "chemical smoke". 

To obtain the chemical smoke, produce substance A and B simultaneously by chemical reactionCburning), A becomes the smoke particles and B, which is in a gaseous state, prevents the particles of A from cohesion. In any case, the original burning materials must be in a gaseous state before the burning reaction,... 

Covalent damage due to chemicals acquired from cigarette smoke. 

The complexity of tobacco smoke makes it difficult to ascribe a particular health effect to a single component, though some inroads have been made in this regard. Complicating matters further is the fact that human exposure to tobacco smoke is almost never without co-exposure to other toxic chemicals. It is known, however, that when individuals are co-exposed to tobacco smoke and other chemicals not contained in the smoke, health effects are observed that are different from those seen from tobacco smoke exposure only. The rest of this chapter is devoted to the health effects caused by the combined exposure to tobacco smoke and other chemicals. 

Smoke flavourings are either smoke condensates or smoke preparations. Smoke flavouring blends produced by mixing chemically defined substances are not on the market because they would be more expensive than the products made from traditional smoke. 

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