Freckle

Flcckfieber, n. spotted fever, specif, typhus, fleckig, a. spotted, speckled, stained, mottled, flawy freckled. — — warden, spot, stain. Fleck Schlerling, m. poison hemlock (Conium maculatum). seife,/. scouring soap. stein,... 

Sommer, m. summer, -benzin, n. summer gaso-hne or petrol, -flecken, m. freckle, -ge-treide, n. summer cereals, sommergriln, a. deciduous. 

Hydroquinone in a 2 percent solution is used in many skin-lightening creams and gels to remove freckles, age spots, and other hyper-pigmented areas of the skin. 

Skin lighteners, freckle and age spot removers, and other remedies for hyperpigmentation are not actually bleaches like the products listed so far. The active ingredient is hydroquinone, which inhibits melanin formation when applied to the skin. Since the effect is easily reversed by exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet light, a sunscreen is usually included in the formula. 

Jessner s peels have been used to treat acne, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, lentigines, freckles, and photodamage (Figs. 3.2a,b, 3.3a, b and 3.4a, b). 

Patients with photoaging showed a smoother texture, less evident fine wrinkles and an important lightening of hyperpigmentations (freckles and lentigines) [7,8]... 

Given these findings, indications for salicylic acid peels include acne vulgaris (inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions), acne rosacea, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, freckles, lentigines, mild to moderate photodamage, and texturally rough skin. 

Azelaic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxyl-ic acid (1,7-heptanedicarboxylic acid) that has demonstrated beneficial therapeutic effects in the treatment of acne and several disorders of hyperpigmentation [48]. There are minimal effects on normally pigmented human skin, freckles, senile lentigines, and nevi. The cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of azelaic acid may be mediated via inhibition of mitochondrial ox-idoreductase activity and DNA synthesis. Disturbance of tyrosinase synthesis by azelaic acid may also influence its therapeutic effects. Azelaic acid can be used as a hypopigmenting agent in patients sensitive to hydroquinone. 

Hyperpigmentation of skin (usually around creases, pressure areas, areolas, genitalia, and new scars) and mucous membranes. Dark freckles and patches of vitiligo may be present. Hyperpigmentation, owing to increased ACTH levels, occurs in primary adrenal insufficiency. 

Hydrocarbons, soot, tobacco (SCC) Tendency to develop freckles RRM = 2.5... 

Generally, the phenotype that predisposes an individual to an increased risk of skin cancer is red or blond hair, blue eyes, and fair skin. These characteristics are surrogate measure of the sensitivity of the skin to sun exposure and the tendency to develop nevi, freckles, and sunburns based on the skin type. Freckles, which may appear abruptly after the first high dose of UV radiation sun exposure, represent clones of mutated melanocytes, and their presence is associated with an increased risk of melanoma.12 The Fitzpatrick classification of skin type is used to determine the response pattern of the skin to UV radiation and assess the risk for melanoma. There are six Fitzpatrick skin types Type I skin always burns and never tans, type II skin burns easily and tans rarely, type III skin burns sometimes and tans usually, type IV skin burns rarely and always tans, type V skin always tans and is moderately pigmented (brown), and type VI skin always tans and is darkly pigmented (black). Fitzpatrick I and II skin types are commonly affected by NMSC and MM. The susceptibility to skin cancer, both NMSC and MM, is related to the melanin content of the skin and the skin s response to UV radiation. 

Lentigines Plural of lentigo, which is a small, flat, tan to dark brown or black, macular melanosis on the skin that looks like a freckle but is histologically distinct. Lentigines do not darken on exposure to sunlight, freckles do. 

Melanin from natural sources falls into two general classes. The first component is pheomelanin (I), which has a yellow-to-reddish brown colour, and is found in red feathers and red hair. The other component is eumelanin (which has two principal components, II and III). Eumelanin is a dark brown-black compound, and is found in skin, hair, eyes, and some internal membranes, and in the feathers of birds and scales of fish. Melanin is particularly conspicuous in the black dermal melanocytes (pigment cells) of dark-skinned peoples and in dark hair and is conspicuous in the freckles, and moles of people with lighter skins. 

Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by extreme sensitivity to sunlight, skin freckling and ulcerations, and skin cancer. The most common defidency occurs in the excinudease enzyme. 

Dimethylthianthrene is an ingredient in shampoos and soaps used to control scabies, pediculosis, seborrhea, and pruritis [71AX(B)1523 81MIP1, 85JAP(K)59232198], and in admixture with ditoluene disulfide, it is used as a skin cosmetic [81 JAP(K)55151507] for the removal of freckles (though why this should be seen to be desirable escapes this reviewer). 

A 5-year-old boy has a rough, raised lesion on his neck. Physical examination shows that he has excessive freckling and some erythema (redness) of his face, lips, neck, and upper extremities as well as some clouding of his corneas. His mother reports that he has a tendency to sunburn easily and has an aversion to direct sunlight. Pathologic evaluation of a biopsy of the lesion reveals it to be a malignant melanoma. 

The answer is B. The patient has many of the features characteristic of xeroderma pigmentosum. The lesion, hyperpigmentation (freckles), and erythema are located over sun-exposed areas. His corneas have also suffered damage from exposure to ultraviolet irradiation from the sun. His photosensitivity is also manifested in easy sun-burning and aversion to sun exposure. This condition often leads to skin cancer. 

Sapindus mukorossi Gaertner Wu Huan Shu (Bodhi seeds) (flower, fruit, seed, root) Saponin, mukorosside.60-450 For conjuctivitis, eye diseases, removes freckles and suntan. 

A ten-year-old girl is brought to the dermatologist by her parents. She has many freckles on her face, neck, arms, and hands, and the parents report that she is unusually sensitive to sunlight. Two basal cell carcinomas are identified on her face. Which of the following processes is most like to be defective in this patient ... 

Nevi (moles) are clusters of melanocytes that start to appear in the third year of life. They gradually increase in numbers but disappear in old age. Freckles appear beginning at about age six in genetically susceptible individuals. They are regions in which a higher concentration of melanin is formed.3... 

Defects that must be appraised continuously include white spot" and "freckle. While spot is an area of alloy depleted in the lower melting-point alloying additions. Freckle is a mid-radial channel segregation resulting from a deep mcli pool and a steeply sloping liquidus profile. This segregation develops in the liquid before solidification. 

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