Franklin definition

This is an acid base equilibrium under the Franklin definition. The [AI2CI7]" species is the acid and the Cl is the base. Note that this is an aprotic equihbrium. Therefore if the mole ratio of [Q-mimjCkAlCla is greater than, less than, or exactly equal to 50 50, flic solvent behavior can be described as Franklin basic, Franklin acidic, or neutral. 

Franklin defined charge as positive or negative in the way we understand the loss or gain of electrons by mechanically rubbing surfaces together. His definition still stands. 

Brpnsted s definition of acids and bases (see p. 234 and 240) emphasizes the complementary nature of acids and bases, but it is broader than Franklin s model because it does not require a solvent, and can even be applied to gas-phase reactions, e.g. HCl(g) + NH3(g) - NH4C1(s). 

Franklin Martin, the pioneer of the electrochemical treatment (ECT) of tumors,2 became a major force in the development of surgery in America however, towards the end of his life, he regretted that treatments with electricity had fallen into the hands of quacks and charlatans and therefore into disrepute.7 As was stated in 1991 by Watson 7 Even today this area of research is not favoured by grant-giving bodies and is viewed from the same perspective of disbelief. Also, the lack of easy availability of well-controlled and calibrated power supplies, ammeters and voltmeters—and thus the definition of optimum electrolytic conditions—at the end of nineteenth century, caused electrolytic burns and other failures in some patients so that the technique was never integrated into the routine clinical practice. 

Liss-Suter D, Villaume JE, Goldstein FJ. 1978. A literature review - problem definition studies on selected toxic chemicals. Volume 8 Environmental aspects of diesel fuels and fog oils SGF no. 1 and SGF no. 2 and smoke screens generated from them. Philadelphia, PA Franklin Institute Research Laboratories. Final report. Contract no. DAMD 17-77-C-7020. ADAO56021. 

When four base units are used, they are taken to be the cm, g and s for length, mass and time, and the franklin1 (symbol Fr) for the esu of charge, 1 Fr being chosen to be of such a magnitude that e0(ir) = 1 Fr2/erg cm. An equivalent definition of the franklin is that two charges of 1 Fr, 1 cm apart in a vacuum, repel each other with a force of one dyne. Other units are then derived from these four by the usual rules for constructing a coherent set of units from a set of base units. 

G. N. Lewis [/. Franklin Inst.y 226, 293 (1938) see also, J. Am. Chem. Soc.t 61, 1886, 1894 (1939) 62, 2122 (1940)]] proposes to define a base as a substance capable of furnishing a pair of electrons to a bond, i.e., an electron donor, whereas an acid is able to accept a pair of electrons, i.e., an electron acceptor. The somewhat restricted definitions employed in this book are, however, more convenient from the electrochemical standpoint. 

The heats of formation are not convenient quantities for comparing compounds having different numbers of carbons. Here, the strain energies are much more useful. The simplest definition is the difference between the observed AH and that calculated using a strain-free model. In the case of cyclopropane, AHf = 12.73 kcal mol If cyclohexane is taken as strain-free, the expected AHf for cyclopropane is one-half that for cyclohexane, or —14.75 kcal mol The difference is 27.5 kcal mol and is the strain energy. The strain-free model is frequently derived from Franklin s group equivalents, and for common hydrocarbon groups they are in kcal mol ... 

Andre Marie Ampere (1775-1836), French mathematician and physicist, was the first to apply mathematics to the study of electrical current. Consistent with Benjamin Franklin s definitions of positive and negative charge. Ampere defined a positive current to be the direction of flow of positive charge. Although we now know that negative electrons cairy current in metals. Ampere s definition has survived to the present. The unit of cunent, the ampere, is named in his honor. 

The constant is called the ionic product of the solvent and it is just the value that causes the difference in acidity (basicity) parameter units between solutions of strong acids and bases, whereas the pvalue itself defines the width of the acid-base range of an ionizing solvent. Let us proceed with consideration of Franklin s definition. So, a substance whose addition leads to increase of the concentration of l+ particles in the solution (it means automatically that concentration of r decreases) is referred to acids on the contrary, if addition of a substance causes reduction of l+ concentration as compared with its concentration in pure solvent, it should be classified among bases. 

In order to generalize the definition of the solvent system for the case of ionic media, we shall analyse Franklin s definition. First, it should be noted that the term auto-ionization in this definition should be substituted by auto-dissociation or intrinsic acid-base equilibrium of the solvent , as a more common case of heterolytic break down of the constituent particles of a liquid. Indeed, for molecular solvents or those which are slightly ionized at room temperature, the terms autoionization and intrinsic acid-base equilibrium of the solvent , relate to the same process, whereas for ionic liquids they differ considerably. For example, although sodium nitrate (NaNOs) is subject to practically... 

Maddox, Brenda. Rosalind Franklin The Dark Lady of DNA. New York HarperCollins, 2003. This is a biography of the scientist whose X-ray data furnished the definitive proof of the structure of DNA but who did not share the Nobel Prize. 

The more general working definition of acids and bases we have been using is due to Franklin, who in 1905 developed a theory in which the solvent plays a central role. According to this view, an acid is a solute that gives rise to a cation characteristic of the solvent, and a base is a solute that jdelds a dissolved ion which is also characteristic of the solvent. 

The hypothesis of what were later called vitreous and resinous electricity was proposed by Du Fay (1733-7) and more definitely as a two fluid theory by Robert Symmer (1759) (see Vol. HI, p. 66). The one fluid theory was adumbrated in October 1746 by William Watson, who speaks of electric matter , electric fire , electricity , and electrical aether , and says the glass globes [of the electric machine] circulate the electrical fire, which they receive from their friction against the cushions or the hand of a man, and which is constantly supplied to these last from the floor . Benjamin Franklin proposed the theory in letters dated in Philadelphia from i June 1747 and published in... 

Such solvent-dependent behavior of dissolved substances requires the development of definitions for solvent system, which will help in dividing substances into adds and bases depending on their action in the presence of solvents and on concentration of components formed due to the intrinsic self-dissociation process of a given solvent. The most known definition of such kind is definition for solvents system or solvosystem concept by Franklin. According to it, the process of self-ionization of an ionizing solvent L can be written as follows ... 

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