Franklin acid

The chemical behavior of Franklin acidic chloroaluminate(III) ionic liquids (where X(A1C13) > 0.50) [6] is that of a powerful Lewis acid. As might be expected, it catalyzes reactions that are conventionally catalyzed by aluminium(III) chloride, without suffering the disadvantage of the low solubility of aluminium(III) chloride in many solvents. 

Fick diffusion 119 Fick s first law 162 Fick s second law 163,166 fluorescence spectroscopy 99 fluoride 107 fluorous tails 38 Franklin acid 196 Friedel-Crafts acylation 186, 203 ff., 207, 225, 319... 

This is an acid base equilibrium under the Franklin definition. The [AI2CI7]" species is the acid and the Cl is the base. Note that this is an aprotic equihbrium. Therefore if the mole ratio of [Q-mimjCkAlCla is greater than, less than, or exactly equal to 50 50, flic solvent behavior can be described as Franklin basic, Franklin acidic, or neutral. 

BP Franklin acidic compositions of the [C, im]Cl-AICI3 (n = 2,4 or 8) Aromatic alkylation process in chloroaluminate ionic liquids... 

Franklin, R.E., Gosling, R.G. Molecular stmcture of nucleic acids. Molecular configuration in sodium thymonucleate. Nature 171 740-741, 1953. 

F. H. C. Crick. J. B. Watson and M. H. F. Wilkins (with Rosalind Franklin) establish the double helix structure of nucleic acids (Nobel Pnze 1962). 

Contribution to Biochemical Research Foundation Seminar on the Chemistry of Nucleic Acids ," M. Stacey,/ Franklin Inst., 253 (1952) 89. 

Martin JW, J Franklin, ML Hanson, KR Solomon, SA Mabnry, DA Ellis, BE Scott, and DCG Mnir (2000) Detection of chlorodifinoroacetic acid in precipitation a possible prodnct of fluorocarbon degradation. Environ Sci Technol 34 274-281. 

This theory is associated in its early protonic form with Franklin (1905, 1924). Later it was extended by Germaim (1925a,b) and then by Cady Elsey (1922,1928) to a more general form to include aprotic solvents. Cady Elsey describe an acid as a solute that, either by direct dissociation or by reaction with an ionizing solvent, increases the concentration of the solvent cation. In a similar fashion, a base increases the concentration of the solvent anion. Cady Elsey, in order to emphasize the importance of the solvent, modified the above defining equation to ... 

Franklin, E. C. (1924). Systems of acids, bases and salts. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 46, 2137-51. 

Ideally, lakes and streams have a pH between 6 and 8. However, according to the National Surface Water Survey (NSWS) conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency between 1984 and 1986, the most acidic lake in the country, Little Echo Pond in Franklin, New York, had a pH of 4.2. According to the same survey, the Pine Barrens region of New Jersey also has a very high percentage of acidic rivers. More than 90% of the streams in that area are considered acidic. This is very bad news for the fish that live in these lakes and streams. 

Franklin s teaspoon of oil (assuming a density 0.9 g/mL and average fatty-acid molecular weight 280 g/mol) would contain 10+22 fatty-acid tails. The half-acre pond surface covered by the oil, 2000 m2, is about 2 x 10+23 A2. So, each tail would be expected to occupy about 20 A2, assuming that a single monolayer (25 A calculated thickness) of oil formed on the surface of the pond. 

Brpnsted s definition of acids and bases (see p. 234 and 240) emphasizes the complementary nature of acids and bases, but it is broader than Franklin s model because it does not require a solvent, and can even be applied to gas-phase reactions, e.g. HCl(g) + NH3(g) - NH4C1(s). 

Feeny PP (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense. Res Adv Phytochem 10 1—40 Fraenkel GS (1959) The raison d etre of secondary plant substances. Science 129 1466-1470 Franklin LA, Yakovleva I, Karsten U, Liming K (1999) Synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids in Chondrus crispus (Florideophyceae) and the consequences for sensitivity to ultraviolet B radiation. J Phycol 35 682-693... 

Franklin LA, Krabs G, Kuhlenkamp R (2001) Blue light and UV-A radiation control the synthesis of mycosporine-like amino acids in Chondrus crispus (Florideaphyceae). J Phycol... 

Karsten U, Franklin LA, Liming K, Wiencke C (1998) Natural ultraviolet radiation and photosyn-thetically active radiation induce formation of mycosporine-like amino acids in the marine macroalga Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta). Planta 205 257-262 Karsten U, Bischof K, Hanelt D, Tug H, Wiencke C (1999) The effect of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and ultraviolet-absorbing substances in the endemic Arctic macroalga Devaleraea ramentacea (Rhodophyta). Physiol Plant 105 58-66 Kessler A, Baldwin IT (2002) Plant responses to insect herbivory the emerging molecular analysis. Ann Rev Plant Biol 53 299-328... 

Exhibit Br0nsted, Lewis, Franklin, and super acidity... 

Ionic liquids containing chloroaluminate ions are strong Lewis, Franklin and Bronsted acids. Protons present in [emim][AlCl4] have been shown to be superacidic with Hammett acidities up to —18. Such highly acidic ionic liquids are, nonetheless, easily handled and offer potential as non-volatile replacements for hazardous acids such as HF in several acid-catalyzed reactions. 

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