France Europe

Clear increases in cocaine use - though starting from far lower levels - have been also reported by France, Europe s fifth largest cocaine market (some 240,000 people). Between 2000 and 2005, the annual prevalence of cocaine use tripled from 0.2% to 0.6% of the population age 15-64. 

Homeopathic medicines are defined according to Law No. 94-43 of 18 Jcmu-ciry 1994. As with all other homeopathic products, substances or compositions, they are manufactured according to specific homeopathic methods described in the Pharmacopoeia of France, Europe or another Member State of the European Community. A homeopathic medicine may contain several active ingredients. 

Graetzel, M. (2000). Conversion of hght to electricity hy anthocyanin dyes in nanocrystalline solar cells. In Proceedings of the First France/Europe-Japan Conference on Anthocyanins (ed. R. Brouillard), pp. 13-14. Region Alsace, le Bischenherg. 

The unleaded premium fuels appeared in Europe and France in 1988. In 1993, they represented 40% of the French and 47% of the European Community markets. They are divided into three types. 

As of 1 July 1991 all new vehicles registered in Europe should have been adapted for using Eurosuper. However, another quality of unleaded fuel had already appeared in 1988 and has since been well established in some countries, notably France. It is called Superplus, the highest octane level, RON 98, MON 88. Superplus is suitable for vehicles having catalytic converters as well as for a large part of the former automotive fleet requiring an RON of 97 and higher. 

In France, Superplus represented in 1993 about 90% of the demand for unleaded gasoline which itself has attained 40% of the total sales. Remember that this is an unusual situation for Europe because in most other countries Eurosuper has the major share. 

The European specifications require a minimum cetane number of 49 for the temperate climatic zones and the French automotive manufacturers require at least 50 in their own specifications. The products distributed in France and Europe are usually in the 48-55 range. Nevertheless, in most Scandinavian countries, the cetane number is lower and can attain 45-46. This situation is taken into account in the specifications for the arctic zone (Table 5.14). In the United States and Canada, the cetane numbers for diesel fuels are most often less than 50. 

Regarding product characteristics, European specifications were established in 1992. They concern mainly the motor octane number (MON) that limits the olefin content and which should be higher than 89, and the vapor pressure, tied to the C3/C4 ratio which should be less than 1550 mbar at 40°C (ISO 4256). On the other hand, to ensure easy vehicle start-ups, a minimum vapor pressure for winter has been set which is different for each country and depends on climatic conditions. Four classes. A, B, C, and D, are thus defined in Europe with a minimum vapor pressure of 250 mbar, respectively, at -10°C (A), -5 C (B), 0°C (C) and -t-10°C (Z)). France has chosen class A. 

STAG Laboratorire National d Essais (France) Tele tel mechanical, electrical, thermal processiag properties, and chemical resistance (Europe)... 

France AFNOR, NF, Association Francaise de Normahsation, Tour Europe, Cedex 7, 92080 Paris-La Defense. 

Polycarbonates are prepared commercially by two processes Schotten-Baumaim reaction of phosgene (qv) and an aromatic diol in an amine-cataly2ed interfacial condensation reaction or via base-cataly2ed transesterification of a bisphenol with a monomeric carbonate. Important products are also based on polycarbonate in blends with other materials, copolymers, branched resins, flame-retardant compositions, foams (qv), and other materials (see Flame retardants). Polycarbonate is produced globally by several companies. Total manufacture is over 1 million tons aimuaHy. Polycarbonate is also the object of academic research studies, owing to its widespread utiUty and unusual properties. Interest in polycarbonates has steadily increased since 1984. Over 4500 pubflcations and over 9000 patents have appeared on polycarbonate. Japan has issued 5654 polycarbonate patents since 1984 Europe, 1348 United States, 777 Germany, 623 France, 30 and other countries, 231. 

Applications. In 1994, approximately 675,000 metric tons of amorphous precipitated sihca were manufactured for sale (38,62). Degussa, J. M. Huber, and PPG in the United States and in Europe, and Akzo (Germany), Aluflour (Sweden), Crosfield (United Kingdom), Nippon Sihca (Japan), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), Shionogi (Japan), Tokuyama Soda (Japan), and Vitro PQ (Mexico) are the primary producers. 

A more abundantiy produced substance is ethanol for use in alcohoHc beverages, and as a fuel, solvent, and feedstock for organic syntheses. Ethanol (qv) production from sucrose is carried out in Europe (eg, France and the Netherlands), India, Pakistan, China, and on a very large scale in Brazil, where it is used as a motor fuel. A valuable by-product of ethanol fermentation is industrial CO2 (see Carbon dioxide). 

CR has now been used commercially for around 60 years. Over that period of time, it has estabUshed a reputation for reUabiUty, and has become the material of choice for innumerable appHcations. Its aimual volume has approached around 350,000—400,000 metric tons. It is currendy manufactured in five countries in Western Europe, North America, and Japan with a combined capacity of 385,000 metric tons. Du Pont is the largest suppHer with 49% of the total capacity and plants in the United States, UK, and Japan. Other suppHers are Bayer/Miles (22.6%) in Germany and the United States, Denki Kagaku Kogyo (11.7%) in Japan, DISTUGIL (10.4%) in France, and TOSOH (6.2%) inJapan (2). 

In Europe, the first internal cathodic protection installation was put into operation in 1965 for 24 water-powered Kaplan turbines with a propeller diameter of 7.6 m. These were in the tidal power station at La Ranee in France. The protected object consisted of plain carbon and high-alloy stainless steels. Each turbine was... 

---