Formulations historical

Formulating Historic Mixes with Rosendale Natural Cement... 

It also has interesting historical roots and, as we shall see, it raises fundamental questions regarding the boundary conditions at the wall, which apparently are not widely understood. We shall therefore investigate what is involved in formulating and solving this problem. 

Sihcone polymer plasticizers have historically been used in many formulations. These plasticizers (qv) are of the same Si—O backbone as the functional polymers but generally are terrninated with trimethyl groups which are unreactive to the cure system. This nonreactivity means that, if improperly used, the plasticizer can migrate from the sealant and stain certain substrates. Staining has been a widely pubHcized flaw of sihcone sealants, but the potential of a formulation to stain a substrate can be minimized or eliminated with proper formulation work. In general, this is accompHshed by not using plasticizers for formulations developed for stain-sensitive substrates. 

Historically, these sulfonates have been difficult to produce in good quaUty and to formulate into laundry powders because of thermal and hydrolytic stabihty problems. Used basically as an anionic, oleochemically sourced replacement for LAS, FAE sulfonate benefits include good detergency at low concentration, low environmental load, and good supply of high quaUty material (71). To avoid possible thermal stabihty problems, these sulfonates have found apphcation in Hquid products. They are used in at least one U.S. dishwashing Hquid, and the cocoyl derivative, Alpha-Step MC48, is marketed by Stepan Chemical Company. 

After a brief historical review in Chapter 1 the following five chapters provide a short summary of the general methods of preparation of plastics materials and follow on by showing how properties are related to chemical structure. These particular chapters are largely qualitative in nature and are aimed not so much at the theoretical physical chemist but rather at the polymer technologist and the organic chemist who will require this knowledge in the practice of polymer and compound formulation. 

Historically, the visible emission lines shown in Figure 15-3 were the first atomic hydrogen lines discovered. They were found in the spectrum of the sun by W. H. Wollaston in 1802. In 1862, A. J. Angstrom announced that there must be hydrogen in the solar atmosphere. These lines were detected first because of the lesser experimental difficulties in the visible spectral region. They are called the "Balmer series because J. J. Balmer was able to formulate a simple mathematical relation among the frequencies (in It S). The ultraviolet series shown in Figure 15-3 was... 

The ring expansions of cydohexadiene derivatives to azepines is of historical significance, as the first example of a monocyclic 1//-azepine was obtained by cyanide ion attack on 2-acetoxy-2,4,6-trimethyl-iV-(phenylsulfonyl)cyclohexa-3,5-dien-l-imine (4) 17 however, it was almost twenty years before the product was correctly formulated as the l//-azepine 5.24... 

Historical Background.—Relativistic quantum mechanics had its beginning in 1900 with Planck s formulation of the law of black body radiation. Perhaps its inception should be attributed more accurately to Einstein (1905) who ascribed to electromagnetic radiation a corpuscular character the photons. He endowed the photons with an energy and momentum hv and hv/c, respectively, if the frequency of the radiation is v. These assignments of energy and momentum for these zero rest mass particles were consistent with the postulates of relativity. It is to be noted that zero rest mass particles can only be understood within the framework of relativistic dynamics. 

According to Vpl nov, the historical development of inorganic peroxide chemistry can be divided into four periods. The fust period, from 1818 (Thenard s synthesis of H202) to 1869 (the formulation of the Periodic Table by D.I. Mendele eff) is characterized by the wide-ranging investigations conducted by Thenard and his co-workers concerning the reaction of oxidized water which resulted in the development of a whole series of peroxide derivs as well as a more precise determination of the structure of Na peroxide... 

The historical developments in delay formulations have been traced by G. Weingarten (Ref 133, p 254), who also tabulated a wealth of performance data... 

Sodium alcohol sulfates have a limited solubility compared to sodium alcohol ether sulfates and are more suitable for cream, pearlized, and paste shampoos. Alcohol sulfates are more frequently used in general shampoo formulations in the United States than in Europe. Europe has moved toward alcohol ether sulfates for historical and traditional reasons, different availability of ethylene oxide, and possibly other technical reasons such as the more favorable dermatological properties of alcohol ether sulfates and their better behavior in hard waters. Triethanolamine alcohol sulfates are widely used in shampoos because of their comparatively high solubility in water, good foaming properties, and low irritancy. 

In this last part of the chapter we present - as far as possible - a summarising overview about the development of micro-macro thinking in the history of chemistry. Where no investigations concerning students development of micro-macro-thinking over the time in school were available, we have formulated possible links to historic developments. Further studies, e.g. in the maimer of learning process studies would be helpful. 

Historical prelude Kepler s laws Historical prelude Maxwell Theory Axiomatic teaching of Quantum Mechanics Problem lack of reference points Problem imprecise boundaries Problem inaccurate formulation Solution reference points from a journey Solution precise boundaries Solution accurate formulation Intuitive teaching of Quantum Mechanics Conclusion... 

Even though historically the formulation of all QM phenomena in terms of macroscopic phenomena was very significant and useful, it seems counter productive to insist on making... 

In a series of papers, personnel from Novartis and the University of Basel in Switzerland have highlighted the pros and cons of neural networks for immediate release tablets [37-40]. In other studies neural networks have been found useful in modeling tablet formulations of antacids [41], plant extracts [42], theophylline [43], and diltiazem [44]. In a recent paper Lindberg and Colbourn [45] have used neural networks, genetic algorithms, and neurofuzzy to successfully analyze historical data from three different immediate-release tablet formulations. 

Nebulizer formulation conforms to sterile product preparation, which means that drug stability in solution in the presence of additives must be evaluated. Historically, it was sufficient to use antimicrobial agents in the formulation, notably benzalkonium chloride. Adding antimicrobials is not now considered an acceptable approach to the formulation of nebulizer solutions. The solubility of the drug is important since it may impact upon the performance of the solution in a selected nebulizer. Additives may form complexes with the drug. 

With these reservations in mind, we will next consider three approaches that have been used in the past to measure the efficacy of a partial agonist acting on an intact tissue. Each will be analyzed in two ways with the details given in Appendix 1.4C (Section 1.4.9.3). The first is of historical interest only and is based on Stephenson s original formulation, as expressed in Eq. (1.27) (Section 1.4.2) and with receptor occupancy given by the Hill-Langmuir equation in its simplest form, which we have already seen to be inadequate for agonists. The second analysis defines receptor occupancy as all the receptors that are occupied, active plus inactive. 

As has been pointed out earlier in this chapter, the dietary consumption and historical medicinal use of carotenoids has been well documented. In the modern age, in addition to crocin, 3.7, and norbixin, 3.8, several carotenoids have become extremely important commercially. These include, in particular, astaxanthin, 3.6 (fish, swine, and poultry feed, and recently human nutritional supplements) lutein, 3.4, and zeaxanthin, 3.3 (animal feed and poultry egg production, human nutritional supplements) and lycopene, 3.2 (human nutritional supplements). The inherent lipophilicity of these compounds has limited their potential applications as hydrophilic additives without significant formulation efforts in the diet, the lipid content of the meal increases the absorption of these nutrients, however, parenteral administration to potentially effective therapeutic levels requires separate formulation that is sometimes ineffective or toxic (Lockwood et al. 2003). 

The range of speciality rubber plasticisers on the market includes proprietary products whose compositions are not fully disclosed. In practice, there is considerable overlap in performance between different plasticisers, and for many compounders the use of a particular plasticiser may be related more to continuity of historically proven formulations than to current cost/performance optimisation. 

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