Phenomena, macroscopic

For the explanation of macroscopic phenomena, the thickness of the phase boundary (interface) often plays no important role. As an example, we describe the movement of a phase boundary in two dimensions or the movement of a step edge on a crystal surface. We start with a Ginzburg-Landau equation [69]... 

To further elaborate on this last point, it should be noted that once corpuscular theory is introduced it should provide students with meaningful descriptions, explanations and predictions of macroscopic phenomena and relationships in terms of sub-microscopic entities such as atoms, molecules and electrons. But, alas, according to the foram of experts in chemical education, it does not (Van Berkel et al., 2000). Not only students, but also teachers as well as textbook writers make mistakes with regard to the macro/sub-micro/symbolic levels. Here are some examples mentioned by the international and Dutch fomm. 

Corpuscular theory offers, for that matter, only a very limited basis for the explanation of macroscopic phenomena (...) sometimes it looks as if 1,2-dichloroethane is C2H4C12 (...) . 

This provides a very strong tool for communicating explanations, as the teacher can move between discussing the bench phenomena and the (sub-microscopic) explanatory models readily. By presenting an equation that describes the reaction (a macroscopic phenomena that students can see etc.) in a form that directly links to the molecules or other quanticles (ions, etc.) considered to be present at the sub-microscopic level, the symbolic representation acts as a referent to both levels and so at a meta-level also represents the relationship and mapping between substances and quanticles. 

Lijnse, P. L., Licht, P., DeVos, W., Warlo, A. J. (Eds.) (1990). Relating macroscopic phenomena to microscopic particles. Utrecht CD-(3 Press. 

Substantive substructure, a chemical toolbox for the selected practices with macroscopic phenomena as relevant properties as a starting point the toolbox consists of those representations identified as stractures , relevant features of the stmctures and explicit relations between stractures and properties . 

P. Licht, W. de Vos, A. J. Waarlo, Relating macroscopic phenomena to microscopic particles (pp. 283-293). Utrecht Utrecht University, Ereudenthal Institute for Science and Mathematical Education, CDp press. 

First, each medium uses different symbol systems to convey irrformatiom For example, animations can easily show the interactive and submicro natrrre of chemical changes, and videos allow students to observe macroscopic phenomena that cannot be reproduced in classrooms. Thus, designers and educations need to appreciate the advantages of different media and carefully select them when developing multimedia tools to better support students learning. 

Even though historically the formulation of all QM phenomena in terms of macroscopic phenomena was very significant and useful, it seems counter productive to insist on making... 

The hrst mechanism specihcally for tungsten CMP was proposed by Kaufman et al. [67]. They thought, first, chemical action dissolves W and forms a very thin passivating him which stops growth as soon as it reaches a thickness of one or a few moleculars later. Second, the him is removed locally by the mechanical action of abrasive particles, which contact with the protrude parts of the wafer surface, and then cause material loss. In recent years, most of the analysis and models for metal CMP are built based on the Kaufman model [68,69]. However, the model is not involved in microscopic structure analysis for the polished surface, but focuses on interpreting macroscopic phenomena happening during CMP [18]. 

As is well known, fluid dynamics is the study of motion and transport in liquids and gases. It is primarily concerned with macroscopic phenomena in nonequilibrium fluids and covers such behavior as diffusion in quiescent fluids, convection, laminar flows, and fully developed turbulence. 

This chapter treats the descriptions of the molecular events that lead to the kinetic phenomena that one observes in the laboratory. These events are referred to as the mechanism of the reaction. The chapter begins with definitions of the various terms that are basic to the concept of reaction mechanisms, indicates how elementary events may be combined to yield a description that is consistent with observed macroscopic phenomena, and discusses some of the techniques that may be used to elucidate the mechanism of a reaction. Finally, two basic molecular theories of chemical kinetics are discussed—the kinetic theory of gases and the transition state theory. The determination of a reaction mechanism is a much more complex problem than that of obtaining an accurate rate expression, and the well-educated chemical engineer should have a knowledge of and an appreciation for some of the techniques used in such studies. 

As mentioned earlier, in principle, one can model the dynamics of a simple classical fluid by means of MD simulations. This technique, although straightforward, is relatively time-consuming, and therefore not suitable for observation of large-scale macroscopic phenomena in the fluid. However, one often does not need such a detailed description of the microdynamics as provided by MD. In such cases, it would be more efficient to strip the MD model down to its barest essentials, where the only requirement is that the model behaves like a fluid macroscopically, but is still atomistic in character—i.e., the mechanism underlying the fluid motion is the movement of particles. From the derivation of... 

Addadi, L., A Link Between Macroscopic Phenomena and Molecular Chirality, Crystals as Probes for the Direct Assignment of Absolute Configuration of Chiral Molecules, 16, 1. 

A Link Between Macroscopic Phenomena and Molecular Chirality ... 

A LINK BETWEEN MACROSCOPIC PHENOMENA AND MOLECULAR CHIRALITY... 

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