Nebulizers solutions

Nebulizer solution 20 mg (1 capsule) inhaled QID Aerosol adults and children 5 years and older,... 

Ipratropium is the most commonly used anticholinergic for treating bronchoconstriction in asthma. It is available as an MDI and solution for nebulization. Ipratropium has an onset of action of approximately 30 minutes and a duration of action of 4 to 8 hours. Care should be taken not to spray the metered-dose inhaler into or allow the nebulized solution to get in the patient s eyes, as it can cause mydriasis and blurred vision. 

Levalbuterol Nebulizer solution 1.25-2.5 mg every 20 minutes for 0.075 mg/kg (maximum dose 1.25 mg) every... 

Ipratropium Nebulizer solution 0.5 mg every 30 minutes for 3 doses 0.25 mg every 20 minutes for 3 doses, then... 

Ipratropium MDI CFC 18 mcg/puff MDI HFA 1 7 mcg/puff Nebulizer solution 4-8 puffs as needed 4-8 puffs as needed... 

Nebulizer formulation conforms to sterile product preparation, which means that drug stability in solution in the presence of additives must be evaluated. Historically, it was sufficient to use antimicrobial agents in the formulation, notably benzalkonium chloride. Adding antimicrobials is not now considered an acceptable approach to the formulation of nebulizer solutions. The solubility of the drug is important since it may impact upon the performance of the solution in a selected nebulizer. Additives may form complexes with the drug. 

Levalbuterol nebulizer solution Levalbuterol MDI (45 mcg/puff) Pirbuterol MDI (200 mcg/puff) Systemic /J-agonists... 

Ipratropium bromide nebulizer solution (0.25 mg/mL) Ipratropium bromide MDI (17 mcg/putf)... 

These agents are effective only by inhalation and are available as metered-dose inhalers cromolyn also comes as a nebulizer solution. 

Zainudin, B.M.Z., Biddiscombe. M., Tolfree, S.E.J., Short, M., and Spiro, S.G., Comparison of bronchodilator responses and deposition patterns of salbutamol inhaled from a pressurized metered dose inhaler, as a dry powder, and as a nebulized solution, Thorax, 45 469-473 (1990). 

Insulin (human) 5786 Da Aerosol (nebulized) Solution pH 7 20-25 % vs. s.c. injection... 

Interferon-a (human) 19kDa Aerosol (nebulized) Solution tmax 2-16 h absorption < 5 %... 

Antitrypsin (sheep) 52 kDa Aerosol (nebulized) Solution 50 % in 50 h lost from peripheral lung bioavailability. 16 % via lymphatics... 

Compatibiiity Cromolyn nebulizer solution is compatible with metaproterenol... 

Nebulizer solution - Safety and efficacy in children younger than 2 years of... 

Reactions from the nebulizer solution may include cough, nasal congestion, wheezing, sneezing, nasal itching, epistaxis, nose burning, serum sickness, and stomach ache. 

Cystic fibrosis (nebulizer solution) - Recommended dosage for adults and children 6 years of age and older is 300 mg twice a day in repeating cycles of 28 days... 

Ideally, the standards should be made up in a solution containing the same normally expected levels of matrix elements as occur in the sample solution. It should be borne in mind that even if they exert no chemical interference, they could possibly exert a viscosity effect on a nebulized solution (especially with high concentrations of phosphoric or sulphuric acids). If it is not possible to determine the matrix components or prepare standards in a matrix solution, and unless experiments have shown matrix interference to be insignificant, then the method of standard additions, or spiking, should be carried out. This is where known amounts of the analyte are added to the sample or sample solution before determination by, e.g. AAS or colorimetry. 

There are other aerosol methods which can yield uniform powders, such as by dispersing aqueous dispersions of particles (e.g. of latex) and evaporating the water (12). In this case each droplet should contain only one particle, a task not easily accomplished. Alternatively, it is possible to nebulize solutions of electrolytes or other substances, which on removal of the liquid result in solid particles, dispersed in the carrier gas (13,14). This process has been expanded to include sintering of resulting solid aerosols in a continuous process to produce powders for various applications (15-18). 

Nebulizer Solution uptake rate [ml min-1] Sensitivity [counts fg-1] Limit of detection [pg l 1]... 

Nebulizer Solution uptake rate, mlmin 1 Sample volume, ml Absolute sensitivity, counts fg-1 Reference... 

Antiinfectives TOBI (pathogenesis) Tobramycin http //www.efactsweb.com/DFC/ Nebulizer solution 300 mg/5 mL With sodium chloride, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide... 

G. A. Jacobson and G. M. Peterson, High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the simultaneous determination of opratropium bromide, fenoterol, salbutamol and terbutaline in nebulizer solution, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 72 111 (1994). 

Nebulizer solutions are often presented as concentrated solutions from which aliquots are withdrawn for dilution before administration. Such solutions require the addition of preservatives, e.g. benzalkonium chloride, and antioxidants (e.g. sulphites). Both excipient types have been implicated with paradoxical bronchospasm and hence the current tendency to use small unit-dose solutions that are isotonic and free from preservatives and antioxidants. 

Budesonide is also given by inhalation as a nebulized solution in the management of childhood croup. It is also used topically in various skin diseases as a cream or ointment... 

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