Form Filling

These results clearly show why it is important to measure filling processes with a transparent mold. In the case shown below it might be that the interface tension was incorrectly modeled or the Young-Laplace equation not properly taken into account. 

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In a variant of the horizontal form/fill/seal operation, the material, moving in a horizontal direction, is folded on itself vertically. Vertical sections of the two faces are heat-sealed to each other to form a pouch, which may then be filled. The pouch, usually made from film or paper bonded to aluminum foil plus a plastic laminant and heat sealant, is closed by a heat seal. This type of pouch gives high moisture and oxygen protection and is used for moisture-and flavor-sensitive condiments and beverage mixes. 

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles have been used for some time as an alternative to glass and aluminum. At first one-way bottles ia different sizes were used returnable PET-botfles of reasonable quaUty have been marketed. In the future, returnable PET-botfles will be used. The first examples of total production lines have been exhibited, ie, blow-form-fill-seal ia an extra superblock constmction. 

A wide number of proteia sources are available for use ia dairy substitutes. These iaclude animal proteias, ie, skim milk ia Hquid, coadeased, or dry form (filled products) caseia, caseiaates, and coprecipitates whey proteias oil-seed proteias, fish proteias and blood proteias. Oil-seed proteia sources iaclude soybean proteia coaceatrates and isolates, groundnut proteia, cottoaseed proteia, and sunflower seed, rapeseed, coconut, and sesame seed proteias (see Soybeans AND other oil seed). Other sources are leaf and single-cell proteias (see Foods, nonconventional). Of these proteia sources, milk and soybean proteias are most widely used. Proteia usage is based oa economics, flavor, fuactioaahty, and availabiUty. 

Form-Fill-Seal, Small Bags and Pouches, and Baler Bags. 21-50... 

Form-fill pouch maker, PWS 2 Pouch 814 X 15 215 X. 380 1- to 3-mil PE film Heat-seal, hotwire cutoff Detergent, spray-dried 39 625 —30 to -1-60 mesh... 

Where folding cartons are to contain a product which is sensitive to moisture pickup, barriers are available which can be incorporated into the carton construction. An example of this is polyethylene laminated to paperboard. In some cases an insert bag is used instead, but this requires an additional operation and is usually accomplished by a form-fill-seal machine that makes a bag which is then inserted by another machine into the folding carton. 

At present, form-fill-seal is limited to products having reasonably free-flowing particles with low dust concentrations. Because heat seal-... 

FIG. 21-47d Hayssen patent no. 4,288,965 form/fill/seal bag-maldng system. (Cowtesy of Hayssen Mfg. Co., Duncan, SC 29334, S64-4S6-4000.)... 

The rejected silicon accumulates in a layer just ahead of the growing crystals, and lowers the melting point of the liquid there. That slows down the solidification, because more heat has to be removed to get the liquid in this layer to freeze. But suppose a protrusion or bump on the solid (Al) pokes through the layer (Fig. A1.33). It finds itself in liquid which is not enriched with silicon, and can solidify. So the bump, if it forms, is unstable and grows rapidly. Then the (Al) will grow, not as a sphere, but in a branched shape called a dendrite. Many alloys show primary dendrites (Fig. A1.34) and the eutectic, if it forms, fills in the gaps between the branches. 

Anion exchange resin. Proceed as in the previous experiment using 1.0 g, accurately weighed, of the air-dried strongly basic anion exchanger (e.g. Duolite A113, chloride form). Fill the 250 mL separatory funnel with ca 0.25M sodium nitrate solution, and allow this solution to drop into the column at the rate of about 2 mL per minute. Collect the effluent in a 500 mL conical flask, and titrate with standard 0.1M silver nitrate using potassium chromate as indicator. 

The abrasion loss as log (abrasion) of log (energy) and log (speed) is best presented either in tabular form filling out the table of Figure 26.67 or as a three-dimensional graph [52] as shown in Figure 26.68. Notice that the abrasion between the mildest condition (upper left) and the most severe condition (lower right) differs by a factor of about 1000. More important for practical use is the relative rating of an experimental compound to a standard reference compound. 

Form-fill-seal machines, 13 46 Formic-acetic anhydride, 10 484 Formic acid, 5 27... 

Figure 1. Normalized ellipticity at 210 nm as a function of the degree of neutralization (o ) for (1) sodium form of oligogalacturonates and polygalac-turonate (2) calcium form of galacturonates (O DP2, A DP4, DP5), (3) calcium form of the polygalacturonate (Ae taken as reference is the ellipticity of acid forms for each product open = sodium form filled = calcium form.)...

When completing an online-based resume form, fill in all fields... 

Oriented polypropylene films are widely used 111 the packaging of snack foods, candy, and other products. The most common method of packaging using these films is the form and fill process in which the package is formed filled with product, and sealed in a continuous process. 

An alternative form of non-carbonated beverage comes in form-fill-seal plastic containers, which are typically square or round section cups with foil or plastic laminate lidding. Such products are difficult to produce to a quality that will satisfactorily compete with the shelf fife of aseptic foil/laminate packs. Fonn-fill-seal containers leave their contents vulnerable to oxidative degradation and are especially at risk of mould spoilage. The packs can be produced in aseptic conditions but the products are typically chemically preserved. 

Another important packaging development area is plastic. Various plastics have been and continue to be used high- and low-density polyethylene (HDPE, LDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) and various barrier plastics. These can be formed into bottles of conventional shape or fed into machines producing form-fill-seal packages, typically cups. 

Various alternative configurations can be used, and in particular some manufacturers employ non-aseptic form-fill-seal operations which usually produce either in-line cup packs or cartons such as TetraPak or Combibloc packs. 

Many non-carbonated RTD products that are not pure fruit juices or nectars are packed in either pre-fonned or form-fill-seal plastic packages, although an... 

Most fruit juices for retail sale are now in cartons, a high proportion of which will be aseptic packs. Cartons are formed, filled and sealed in a single operation, which will either be clean or aseptic depending on the product and shelf life sought. Typical packs include TetraPaks, Combibloc and Elopak. 

There are some more specialised systems for PET bottles, cans, other plastic bottles, form-fill-seal packs and returnable PET or glass bottles for still and carbonated drinks (generally high acid). These are material-dependent solutions and each arises from the limitations and properties of the materials and the way they are formed into containers. 

Form—fill—seal packs are also suitable for aseptic production. The pack is blown aseptically in a mould and filled through the soft neck. Once filling is complete the fill tube is retracted and the neck sealed with heat and pressure. 

There are several machine systems available for aseptically filling glass and plastic bottles for still juices. (Aseptic filling of drink cartons is covered in Section 9.7.) Carbonated drinks are not aseptically filled. There are two main aseptic filling workflows, with a third workflow used less frequently. The first system sterilises the container, fills and seals it the second takes a sealed, precleaned bottle, removes the seal in a sterile environment, fills and re-seals the container. The third system blows a bottle and while it is still sterile fills it and then seals it, all within the same machine, this is known as a form-fill-seaF (FFS) system. 

There are two basic ways of using this form, fill seal process with laminates, films, or sheets in reel form. 

Using two stock reels to form the two sides of the pouch (usually used in vertical form, fill, seal process). 

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