Forging Equipment

Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, an a alloy, is used commercially in the fiiU range of forging products, e.g., open die forgings, closed die forgings, rings, etc., and is fabricated on all commercially available types of forging equipment. The forging process is used to fab-... 

Rg. 4 Comer and fillet radii for various materials recommended by forging users and producers. Source T.AItan etal., Forging Equipment, Materials, and Pracdoes, MClC HB-03, Battelle, 1973... 

Forgings are produced by pressing or hammering ingots or billets either into simple shapes on flat dies or into complex shapes in cavity dies. Several sets of dies may be employed in arriving at the final shape. Equipment varies from simple drop hammers and mechanical presses to large hydrauHc presses. 

The heart of these couplings is the flexing disc it is manufactured from vacuum-degassed alloy steel, forged with a radial-grain orientation, and has a contoured profile machined on high-precision equipment. 

Intrinsic Steei Quaiity refers to the metallurgical and chemical properties of steel products (plate, pipe, tubes, structurals, castings, forgings) supplied to the fabricator for conversion into process equipment. Factors related to deoxidation, controlled finishing temperatures in rolling, and cleaning up of surface defects are included. 

For all materials other than basic constructional steels and cast irons, reputable suppliers have information bases and applications laboratories from which information can be obtained. Trade organizations representing categories of materials suppliers are excellent sources of information some are listed at the end of this chapter. The materials suppliers should be consulted in conjunction with equipment suppliers in order to ensure that the information generated is fully applicable to the end use to which the material is to be put. Fabrication techniques should be agreed between the two types of suppliers, since some materials cannot be cast or welded and forging cannot make some items. 

In the electronics industry, a large number of relatively small firms play a key role in generating new process concepts and equipment. These firms face important research problems in fundamental science and engineering that would benefit markedly from the insights of academic chemical engineering researchers. Academic researchers should seek out and forge links to these small firms that stand at the crucial step between laboratory research and production processes. Potential mechanisms for accomplishing this are described in Chapter 10. 

Despite occasional setbacks, Casanova could think of no freer or more satisfying trade. With most of Europe at peace, borders were delightfully porous passports were relatively easy to obtain and a real or forged letter of introduction to some local dignitary would open doors, provided you were equipped with stylish clothes and a good coach. Europe s myriad petty rulers craved novelty and spectacle all a good adventurer needed was to... 

As the size of a forged vessel increases, the sizes of ingot and handling equipment become larger. The cost may increase faster than the weight. The problems of getting sound material and avoiding brittle fracture also become more diiiicult. Some of these problems are avoided by use of multilayer construction. In this type of vessel, the... 

Electrical conductive-wire contacts, terminals, switch pans, bus bars Hardware cotter pins, nails, rivets, soldering copper, ball floats Other, anodes, chemical process equipment, kenles, pans, printing rolls, expansion plates, rotation bands, die-pressed forgings... 

Today, this typical small industry of the Middle West is now in full production equipped with the latest type of forging machinery and machine tools. The upset forging is performed on a new 4-iri. Acme machine. The layout is extremely compact, with a minimum of manual handling between conveyor carriers and machines. So simple is the set-up, that only three men are actually needed to produce the forging, namely, the forging machine operator, the heater, and the inspector. Production ranges from 80 to 100 per hr. with an average of 600 to 700 for an 8-hr. shift. This rate could be stepped up about 20 per cent, but it would decrease considerably the tool and die life. 

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