Forests pollution effects

Negative externalities arise when an action by an individual or a group implies harmful effects on others such as unintended dispersion of chemicals to land, air and water air pollution effects on health forest growth or fish reproduction. When negative externalities are generated they should be internalized into the market economy. By internalizing the externalities the economic value of environmental impacts are allocated to the pollution sources and included in the economics of the activities causing the problem. This would also allow for the market to function properly and thereby reach a socially optimal level of environmental impacts. 

Taylor, O. C. (Principal Investigator) Oxidant Air Pollutant Effects on a Western Coniferous Forest Ecosystem. Task C Report Study Site Selection and On-Site Collection of Background Information. EPA-R3-73-043B. Riverside University of California, Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, 1973. (189 pp.J... 

Wert, S. L. A system for using remote sensing techniques to detect and evaluate air pollution effects on forest stands, pp. 1169-1178. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Remote nsing of the Environment. Vol. 2. Ann Arbor University of Michigan, 1%9. 

Kkkert. R. N.. P. R. MUler. O. C. Taylor, J. R. McBride. J. Barbieri, R. Arkley. F. Cobb, Jr., D. Dahlsten, W. W. WUcox. J. Wenz, J. R. Panneter, Jr., R. F. Luck, and M. White. Photochemical Air Pollutant Effects on Mixed Conifer Forest Ecosystems. A Progress Report. CERL-026. Contract No. 684)3-0273. Corvallis. Oregon Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, [1976]. 275 pp. 

Smith, W. H. Air Pollution Effects on the Quality and Resilience of the Forest Ecosystem. Paper Presented at the AAAS (American Association for the Advancement of Science) Symposium on Temperate Climate Forestry and the Forest Ecosystem An Environmental Issue Held in Washington, D.C., 1972. 

Vegetation. See Plants Trees Forests Vertebrates, effect of oxidant air pollutants on, 629-31... 

On the basis of the results obtained, a scheme is presented which summarizes a proposed sequence of metabolic events leading to the development of an adaptive metabolism which can allow trees to become healthy-resistant after passage through the diseased state. Putrescine, polyamines, tryptophan and sugars are proposed to be early markers of the biochemical and physiological effects of forest pollution. 

Eckert, R.T. 1989. Genetic variation in red spruce and its relation to forest decline in the northeastern United States. Pp. 319-324 in J.B. Bucherand I. Bucher-WalUn (eds.), Proc. Int l. Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems, lUFRO P2.05, Interlaken, Switzerland, Oct. 2-8, 198 ... 

Receptors. The receptor can be a person, animal, plant, material, or ecosystem. The criteria and hazardous air pollutants were so designated because, at sufficient concentrations, they can cause adverse health effects to human receptors. Some of the criteria pollutants also cause damage to plant receptors. An Air QuaUty Criteria Document (12) exists for each criteria pollutant and these documents summarize the most current Hterature concerning the effects of criteria pollutants on human health, animals, vegetation, and materials. The receptors which have generated much concern regarding acid deposition are certain aquatic and forest ecosystems, and there is also some concern that acid deposition adversely affects some materials. 

The interactions of air pollutants with forests at low-dose concentrations result in imperceptible effects on the natural biological cycles of these species. In some instances, these interactions may be beneficial to the forest ecosystem. Forests, as well as other natural systems, act as sinks for the removal of trace gases from the atmosphere. 

The third category for interactions is high dose (III). The effects produced by this level of interaction can be seen by the casual observer. The result of high-dose exposure is destruction or severe injury of the forest system. High-dose conditions are almost always associated with point source emissions. The pollutants most often involved are SO2 and hydrogen fluoride. Historically, the most harmful sources of pollution for surrounding forest ecosystems have been smelters and aluminum reduction plants. 

This cascading effect may have been best demonstrated from interdisciplinary research addressing the consequences of chronic oxidant air pollution exposure to the mixed conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California. Miller et al. (76) reported that chronic exposure to oxidant air pollutants resulted in decreased photosynthetic capacity, premature... 

Huchinson T.C., Whilby L.M. The effects of acid rainfall and heavy metals particulates on a boreal forest ecosystem near the Sudbury smelting region of Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut 1977 7 421 438. 

Freedman B, Hutchinson TC (1980) Effects of smelter pollutants on forest litter decomposition near a nickel copper smelter at Sudbury, Ontario. Can J Bot 58 1722-1736... 

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