Force Williams 216

Much of the classic work with boundary lubrication was carried out by Sir William Hardy [44,45]. He showed that boundary lubrication could be explained in terms of adsorbed films of lubricants and proposed that the hydrocarbon surfaces of such films reduced the fields of force between the two parts. 

Roberts C J, Williams P M, Davies J, Dawkes A C, Sefton J, Edwards J C, Haymes A G, Bestwick C, Davies M C and Tendler S J B 1995 Real-space differentiation of IgG and IgM antibodies deposited on microtiter wells by scanning force microscopy Langmuir 1822... 

Some 20 years after the pressure for the creation of the new interdisciplinary laboratories was first felt, one of the academics who became involved very early on. Prof. Rustum Roy of Pennsylvania State University, wrote eloquently about the underlying ideal of interdisciplinarity (Roy 1977). He also emphasised the supportive role played by some influential industrial scientists in that creation, notably Dr. Guy Suits of GE, whom we have already encountered, and Dr. William Baker of Bell Laboratories who was a major force in pushing for interdisciplinary materials research in industry and academe alike. A magisterial survey by Baker (1967), under the title Solid State Science and Materials Development, indicates the breadth and scope of his scientific interests. 

Ab-initio studies of surface segregation in alloys are based on the Ising-type Hamiltonian, whose parameters are the effective cluster interactions (ECI). The ECIs for alloy surfaces can be determined by various methods, e.g., by the Connolly-Williams inversion scheme , or by the generalized perturbation method (GPM) . The GPM relies on the force theorem , according to which only the band term is mapped onto the Ising Hamiltonian in the bulk case. The case of macroscopically inhomogeneous systems, like disordered surfaces is more complex. The ECIs can be determined on two levels of sophistication ... 

Knud 0stergaard, Gas-Liquid-Particle Operations in Chemical Reaction Engineering J. M. Prausnitz, Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria at High Pressures Robert V. Macbeth, The Burn-Out Phenomenon in Forced-Convection Boiling William Resnick and Benjamin Gal-Or, Gas-Liquid Dispersions... 

Martin, Y., Williams, C. C., and Wickramasinghe, H. K. (1987). Atomic force microscope-force mapping and profiling on a sub 100-A scale. /. Appl. Phys. 61,4723-4729. 

Smart, Christopher. Rejoice in the Lamb a song from Bedlam edited with an introduction and notes by William Force Stead. London Cape, 1939. 303p. 

A second point on which the authors in this anthology agree is that reductionism, as successful as it has been on a host of counts, is seriously inadequate. It must be supplemented with more holistic science. To understand nature in all its vicissitudes, methods from the most reductionist to the least reductionist must be used. Hence, anti-reductionists are forced, like it or not, to advocate pluralism. For example, Robert Williams concludes that We must not despise reductionism. However, it has to be put in a proper perspective . Too often reductionism and anti-reductionism are presented as if they are in diametric opposition when all that separates them is degree of emphasis. As Alfred Tauber observes, reductionism and holism cannot be defined in isolation from each other. An unsteady balance exists between the two. Holism and reductionism are inexorably coupled and cannot be defined independent of each other . As a result, like so many other contributors to this volume, he embraces a pluralistic approach . 

Williams, R. W., V. F. Kalasinsky, and A. H. Lowrey. 1993. Scaled Quantum Mechanical Force Field for Cis- and Trans-glycine in Acidic Solution. J. Mol. Struct. (Theochem) 281, 157-171. 

Mapsi et al. [16] reported the use of a potentiometric method for the determination of the stability constants of miconazole complexes with iron(II), iron(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) ions. The interaction of miconazole with the ions was determined potentiometrically in methanol-water (90 10) at an ionic force of 0.16 and at 20 °C. The coordination number of iron, cobalt, and nickel was 6 copper and zinc show a coordination number of 4. The values of the respected log jSn of these complexes were calculated by an improved Scatchard (1949) method and they are in agreement with the Irving-Williams (1953) series of Fe2+ < Co2+ < Ni2 < Cu2+ < Zn2+. 

Ashley, J. C., and Williams, M. W. (1983), Report of the Rome Air Force Development Center, Griffiss Air Force Base, Rome, N.Y. 

It is a pleasure to thank Rudolph Black of the United States Advanced Research Projects Agency, who, in May 1971, funded our proposal that "temperature variations in past climates may be evaluated by measuring stable isotope ratios in natural data banks such as tree ring and varve sequences". We thank William Best of the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research who monitored our study and Frank Eden of the U.S. National Science Foundation who subsequently provided further funds. 

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