For Heavy Oil

Edmister, W.C. and K.K. Okamoto (1959), Applied hydrocarbon thermodynamics. Part 13 equilibrium flash vaporization for heavy oils under sub-atmospheric pressures . Petroleum Refiner, Vol. 38, No. 9, p. 271. 

The oil production from thin under-gas cap zones with an active aquifer is not efficient because of the rapid breakthrough of gas or water. The water-alternating gas technology based on the injection of water solution with oil-and water-soluble polymers seems to be promising to stimulate such wells. For heavy oils, this technology can be considered as an alternative to thermal-enhanced oil recovery [1673]. 

S. S. Ashrawi. Hot water, surfactant, and polymer flooding process for heavy oil. Patent US 5083612,1992. 

D. P. Rimmer, A. A. Gregoli, J. A. Hamshar, and E. Yildirim. Pipeline emulsion transportation for heavy oils. In L. L. Schramm, editor. Emulsions fundamentals and applications in the petroleum industry, volume 231 of ACS Advances in Chemistry Series, pages 295-312. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1992. 

Fukuyama, H., Development of Carbon Catalyst for Heavy Oil Hydrocracking in NPRA Annual Meeting, 2002. 02-14. San Antonio, TX, Mar. 17-19. AM-, 10pp. 

In general, upgrading concerns to those processes in which the API gravity of the crude oil or its viscosity decrease. Numerous reducing viscosity methods for heavy oil are currently commercialized [407], involving different means, such as physical methods... 

The sulfur content varies from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt% for the more conventional crude oils to as much as 5 to 6% for heavy oil and bitumen. Depending on the sulfur content of the crude oil feedstock, residua, may be of the same order or even have a substantially higher sulfur content. 

In the method(s), petroleum constituents are extracted into a suitable solvent. Biogenic polar materials typically may be partially or completely removed with silica gel. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is weighed. This quantity is reported as a percentage of the total soil sample dry weight. These methods are better suited for heavy oil because they include an evaporation step. 

Direct burning 100 2 About 2% of total petroleum consumption. Displaces heavy oil for reprocessing. Substitute for heavy oil. 

The low H/C-ratio of FCC feed derived from liquefied biomass led to low conversion and poor gasoline selectivity. Addition of alumina to the matrix resulted in a catalyst more active for heavy oil cracking but with a poor selectivity. Alumina-montmorillonite catalysts showed activities for heavy oil cracking comparable to that of a conventional, zeolite based, cracking catalyst. Effects of matrix composition and zeolite type on the heavy oil cracking performance are discussed. 

C Novel FCC Catalysts and Processing Methods for Heavy Oil Conversion and Propylene Production... 

Thermally stable foam additives, such as alkylaryl sulfonates and C16—Clg alpha-olefin sulfonates, are being used in EOR steam flooding for heavy oil production. The foam is used to increase reservoir sweep efficiency (178,179). Foaming agents are under evaluation in chemical C02 EOR flooding to reduce C02 channeling and thus increase sweep efficiency (180). 

Notes Unbuilt degreaser, excellent for heavy oils Formula S-115... 

Kobayasi (44) reported that for heavy oil droplets an actual increase in drop size during combustion, due to internal vapor bubbles, occurs. The increase in burning rate, as a function of the product of frequency and the square of amplitude of an imposed vibration of the air field sur jj ji j e mmn r j s observed by Kumagai... 

Table 2-4 Property Data for Heavy Oil and Bitumen from Alberta (Canada)... 

The pour point of a crude oil product is the lowest temperature at which the oil will pour or flow under prescribed conditions. It is an approximate indicator of the relative paraffinic character and aromatic character of the material. For heavy oils and residua pour points are usually high (above 0°C 32°F) and are more an indication of the temperatures (or conditions) required to move the material from one point in the refinery to another. 

Thus, on a chemical basis, it is possible to define the hydrodesulfurization process in terms of the feedstock type and the required products. In practice, it may actually be difficult, if not impossible, to carry out nondestructive hydrogenation and completely eliminate carbon-carbon bond scission as in the case of the desulfurization of naphtha. For heavy oils and residua, it is usually preferable to promote hydrocracking as an integral part of the desulfurization process. 

The hydrodesulfurization process variables (Chapter 5) usually require some modification to accommodate the various feedstocks that are submitted for this particular aspect of refinery processing. The main point of the text is to outline the hydrodesulfurization process with particular reference to the heavier oils and residua. However, some reference to the lighter feedstocks is warranted. This will serve as a base point to indicate the necessary requirements for heavy oil and residuum hydrodesulfurization (Table 6-6). 

The CANMET hydrocracking process is used for heavy oils, atmospheric residua, and vacuum residua (Table 9-5) (Pruden, 1978 Waugh, 1983 Pruden et al., 1993). The process does not use a catalyst but employs a low-cost additive to inhibit coke formation and allow high conversion of heavy feedstocks (such as... 

Several forecasters (4) have predicted that the world s crude reserves are weighted about two to one in favor of heavy versus light crudes. Consequently the inevitable trend is that the average crude processed will become heavier. Market forces, regional demand, environmental considerations and other factors will determine the economics and justification for heavy oil conversion. But it is clear that in the global scene, there will be an increasing supply, of heavy oil. 

Isaacs, E.E. Ivory, J. Green, M.K. Steam-Foams for Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery in Foams, Fundamentals and Applications in the Petroleum Industry, Schramm, L.L. (Ed.), American Chemical Society Washington,... 

In order to protect the expensive hydrotreatment catalysts from ash and other solid impurities, coal can be first pyrolysed (COED process19), the released oil can be filtered and then hydrotreated. This hydrotreatment is similar to that used for heavy oil and shale oil. 

Bousquet, J. Devanneaux, J. Peries, J.P. ASVAHL Hydrocatalytic Process for Heavy Oil Upgrading presented at 3rd International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tarsands Long Beach, California July 22-31,1985... 

Dewaxing ZSM-5, ZSM-23, mordenite Improved pour points for heavy oils and fuels (e.g. diesel)... 

H. Fukuyama, T. Satoshi, U. Masayuki, J. Cano and J. Ancheyta. Active carbon catalyst for heavy oil upgrading. Catalysis Today, 98, 207-215 (2004). 

The product oil corresponding to heavy oil A, is used as fuel in the sewage plant of Niigata city as well as in a test application for a diesel engine in the Niigata Tekko Co. Ltd (applicable for power plant using diesel engines). The NO content in exhaust gas is of similar level to that for heavy oil A, and DXNs contents were 0.0055 ng TEQ/N m. ... 

---