Food and beverage industries

Whereas tests (186) indicated that ampholytes were effective in skin cleansing for preoperative use, for wound cleansing, and as an antiseptic in the oral cavity (187), as well as other medical appHcations, the food and beverage industries have proved to be the principal employers of these compounds. Ampholytes are used as sanitizers and disinfectants, not as food preservatives. Low toxicity, absence of skin irritation, and noncorrosiveness, along with antimicrobial activity, has given ampholytes acceptance in dairies, meat plants, and the brewing and soft drink industries. These disinfectants have been manufactured and distributed in Europe and Japan, but not in the United States. 

The chief advantage of wood for containers is that many common species are free from harmful contaminants. For this reason wood had widespread use in the food and beverage industries, but it has now suffered severe competition from corrosion-resistant metals, plastics and paper products. Oak had a very extensive use in tight cooperage in the brewing industry, and its use for barrels still survives in the maturing of whisky and brandy and in the wine industries. Wood is particularly useful where acetic acid is present as this acid is corrosive to most common metals. 

Sulphur dioxide has extensive use as a preservative in the food and beverage industries. In a pharmaceutical context, sodium sulphite and metabisulphite or bisulphite have a dual role acting as preservatives and antioxidants. 

New research has demonstrated that carotenoids may also lend additional health benefits that may possibly reduce the risk of certain types of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Carotenoids are also important natural sources of orange, yellow, and red food coloring for the food and beverage industries. ... 

Capillary electrophoresis is still in a state of evolution and a technique of choice for certain applications (chiral analysis small ion analysis in food and beverage industries bioanalysis). The number of reviews [365,858,884,889-896], books and manuals [365,897-903] published on (HP)CE/CEC/CZE in the last decade is overwhelming, in particular in relation to the importance of the technique (see also Bibliography). CE-LIFS has been reviewed [904]. 

Plate heat exchangers are used extensively in the food and beverage industries, as they can be readily taken apart for cleaning and inspection. Their use in the chemical industry will depend on the relative cost for the particular application compared with a conventional shell and tube exchanger see Parker (1964) and Trom (1990). 

Small amounts of impurities have a significant effect on the refractive index. In fact, the refractive index for many binary mixtures changes linearly with concentration over a wide range of concentrations. A calibration curve of refractive index vs. concentration along with the refractive index of a sample can be used to find the concentration of a species in the sample. For example, the food and beverage industry uses the refractive index to find the concentration of sugar solutions. Table 15.1 lists several additional applications for refractive index. 

Ethanol itself finds use as chemical in various applications, particularly as solvent (toiletries and cosmetics, paints, lacquer thinners, printing inks, dyes, detergents, disinfectants and pharmaceuticals), besides its uses in the food and beverage industry, and as a disinfectant. 

Industrial and applied multi-step reaction processes, where oxidizing enzymes are components of industrial processes, include in the pulp and paper industry, in the food and beverage industry, for bioremediation, in biosensors and, more recently, in biofuel cells (discussed in more detail in Section 3.8). 

Osborne BG, Feam T, Hindle PH. In practical NIR Spectroscopy with Applications in Food and Beverage Industry Analysis. 2nd ed. Harlow, UK Longman, 227. 

Citric acid and its citrate compounds are widely used in hundreds of applications. Global production of citric acid in 2005 was 1.6 million tons, with China producing approximately 40% of the world supply. In the United States, approximately 65% of citric acid use is in the food and beverage industry. Citric acid is used as an acidulant to impart tartness, to control pH, as a preservative and antioxidant, as a metal chelator, and to stabilize color and taste. Citrate salts can be used as mineral and metal dietary supplement for example, calcium citrate... 

UHMWPE possesses a unique combination of mechanical and technological properties and enjoys a variety of special applications based on low friction (solid lubricant), wear resistance (protection of metal surfaces), excellent chemical stability, as well as radiation and neutron resistance. UHMWPE is used in chemical processing, food and beverage industries, foundries, the lumber industry the electrical industry, as medical implants and in mining and mineral processing sewage treatment, and transportation. 

Figure 11.4.1 Generalized proanthocyanidin structure indicating subunit type (extension or terminal) and interflavonoid bond location (4p- 8). The most common proanthocyanidin classes in the plant kingdom, as well as in the food and beverage industry, are the procyanidins (3,3, 4, 5,7-pentahydroxyflavans) and prodelphinidins (3,3, 4, 5, 5,7-hexahydroxyflavans). In addition, these proanthocyanidins can be galloylated at C3.

Chiral resolution is a matter of great importance. For example, the food and beverage industry is increasingly concerned with enantiomeric separations, because they can affect flavor, fragrance, and nutrition and can be used to monitor fermentation or product adulteration. Separations are carried out mainly on chiral stationary phases (CSPs). 

Although a great deal of the work currendy being done in chiral separations is related to pharmaceuticals, the agricultural and the food and beverage industries are affected as well. For instance, several chiral pesticides are used commercially. It is possible that the enantiomers may differ in their persistence in the environment and their effectiveness against specific pests. For example, the neurotoxic action of the pesticide, ethyl-4-nitrophenyl phenylphosphono thionate (EPN), resides almost entirely in the S enantiomer while the desired insecticidal activity resides entirely in the R enantiomer (5). This raises the question of whether the pesticide may be safer and more effective if applied as an enantiomerically pure formulation. In the food and beverage industry,... 

This type transfers heat from the process liquid to the cooling water across a large number of thinly spaced corrugated plates. They find particular application in food and beverage industry applications or for smaller heat loads in hotels or hospitals. Plate and frame types are widely used because of their compact design and availability of various construction materials. Because localized corrosion and metal wastage can occur within the crevices (crevice... 

NVP, 246, is the intermediate in the production of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidinone)257 widely employed in the pharmaceutical, medicinal, food and beverage industries, and the small quantities (0.2% or less) of NVP contained as impurity in PVP might present a certain risk for the general population. Studies on the in vivo disposition of NVP have therefore been undertaken and 246 has been synthesized258 (equation 135). [3,4-3H]-NVP and [4-3H]-NVP have been prepared previously in low yields259 because the volatility of NVP itself and of the vinyl acetate had not been controlled properly in the synthetic and... 

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