Foods and Beverages

Flavors. Those mixtures of ingredients whose exact composition is usually known only to their suppHers, sold in bulk to food and beverage manufacturers. They are to be labeled as flavors per CFR 21 part 101 and may contain adjuncts that are nonflavor ingredients. 

In aqueous solution, malic acid can be mildly corrosive toward aluminum and corrosive to carbon steel. Under normal conditions, it is not corrosive to stainless steels, which usually are the constmetion materials for processes involving malic acid. Malic acid is also virtually noncorrosive to tinplate and other materials used to package acidulated foods and beverages (Table 3) (27). 

Uses. R%-MaHc acid is utilized in a variety of food and beverage and some industrial appHcations because of its unique combination of... 

Nonwoven wipe categories include products for babies and adults, the food service and electronics industries, medical and clean room appHcations, industrial cleaning, computer diskettes, and household products such as dusters, tea towels, shoe cleaning cloths, towelettes, and hand towels. Nonwoven fabrics are used to filter air, water, petroleum (qv), food, and beverages. Nonwovens loaded with abrasives, cleansers, or finishes can be found in a variety of products used by many industries and in many homes to scour or poHsh. Also, a majority of garments designed to protect industrial workers and consumers from hazardous environments are made from nonwoven fabrics. 

About 264,000 metric tons of elemental capacity is available in North America, plus another 79,000 t (P equivalent) of purified wet phosphoric acid (14). About 85% of the elemental P is burned to P2 5 hydrated to phosphoric acid. Part of the acid (ca 21%) is used direcdy, but the biggest part is converted to phosphate compounds. Sodium phosphates account for 47% calcium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates account for 17%. Pinal apphcations include home laundry and automatic dishwasher detergents, industrial and institutional cleaners, food and beverages, metal cleaning and treatment, potable water and wastewater treatment, antifree2e, and electronics. The purified wet acid serves the same markets. 

In addition to the packaging of foods and beverages in regular containers, a large quantity of tinplate is used in the form of aerosol containers for cosmetics, paint, insecticides, poHshes, and other products. Decorative trays, Hthographed boxes, and containers of unusual shape are additional oudets for tinplate. 

The primary appHcation for barrier polymers is food and beverage packaging. Barrier polymers protect food from environmental factors that could compromise both taste and shelf life. They also help retain desirable flavors and aroma. Barrier polymers are also used for packaging medical products, agricultural products, cosmetics, and electronic components and in moldings, pipe, and tubing. 

J. S. Swan, in G. Charalambous, ed.. Handbook of Food and Beverage Stability Chemical, Biochemical, Microbiological, and NutritionalMspects, Academic Press, Inc., Ltd., London, 1986, p. 801. 

Citric acid is manufactured in over 20 countries with 1990 worldwide production estimated at approximately 550,000 t, distributed as shown in Figure 5. Most of this production is used for foods and beverages however, industrial appHcations, eg, detergents, metal cleaning, of citric acid are becoming more important on a worldwide basis. 

Citric acid is utilized in a large variety of food and industrial appHcations because of its unique combination of properties. It is used as an acid to adjust pH, a buffer to control or maintain pH, a chelator to form stable complexes with multivalent metal ions, and a dispersing agent to stabilize emulsions and other multiphase systems (see Dispersants). In addition, it has a pleasant, clean, tart taste making it useful in food and beverage products. 

Plastics. Citric acid and bicarbonate are used as an effervescent blowing agent to foam polystyrene for insulated food and beverage containers replacing blowing agents such as chlorinated fluorocarbons (194—206). 

Whereas tests (186) indicated that ampholytes were effective in skin cleansing for preoperative use, for wound cleansing, and as an antiseptic in the oral cavity (187), as well as other medical appHcations, the food and beverage industries have proved to be the principal employers of these compounds. Ampholytes are used as sanitizers and disinfectants, not as food preservatives. Low toxicity, absence of skin irritation, and noncorrosiveness, along with antimicrobial activity, has given ampholytes acceptance in dairies, meat plants, and the brewing and soft drink industries. These disinfectants have been manufactured and distributed in Europe and Japan, but not in the United States. 

Various materials are used in dental prosthetic practice for the preparation of dental implants, crowns, and bridges. Some of these materials contain copper, which is added in order to improve mechanical or/and chemical properties, but some of them may contain the copper as an impurity. Considering the fact that dental implants remain in the oral cavity for a long time, and that they are exposed to the corrosive action of oral fluids and various kinds of food and beverages, it is necessary to check their possible harmful effects upon the human health. 

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