Follicular

Hurley, P. M., Hill, R, N., and W hiting, R. ]. (1998). Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Environ. Health Terspect. 106(8), 437-445. 

Bastenie and Zylberszac, in a general article on the former subject, point out that colchicine (1) brings into mitosis all cells which are in karyo-kinetic inuninence but which normally would slowly and successively reach mitosis, and (2) stops them at this stage. This has made possible a technique which picks out cell multiplication and can be used for detecting many types of hormonal stimulation, e.g., the action of follicular hormone and other oestrogens. ... 

Asmathbanu I, Kaliwal BB. 1997. Temporal effect of methyl parathion on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, follicular dynamics and estrous cycle in hemicastrated albino rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 8 237-254. 

The pilosebaceous follicles are the target sites for acne. The pathophysiology of acne centers on interplay of follicular hyperkeratinization, increased sebum production, action of Propi-onibacterium acnes (P. acnes) within the follicle, and production of inflammation (Table 11.1). 

The earliest morphological change in the sebaceous follicle is an abnormal follicular epithelial differentiation, which results in ductal hypercornification. Cornified cells in the upper section of the follicular canal become abnormally adherent. Comedones represent the retention of hyperproliferating ductal keratinoc-ytes in the duct. Several factors have been implicated in the induction of hyperproliferation sebaceous lipid composition, androgens, local cytokine production (IL-i, EGF) and bacteria (P. acnes). 

Rosacea is a chronic disorder affecting the central parts of the face, characterized by flushing, persistent erythema and teleangectasia. Inflammatory papules and pustules can develop within the areas of erythema. Rosacea typically occurs in adults with fair skin and light eye and hair color. In contrast to acne, rosacea is not typically follicular in nature and comedones and seborrhea are usually absent. Pyoderma fa-dale is deemed to be an explosive form of rosacea, often occurring in young women with a phenotype typical of rosacea patients, often in the context of stress (Fig. 11.16). 

Folliculitis caused by colonization with S. aureus or S. epidermidis on the face can be sometimes misdiagnosed as acne. The prominent lesions are superficial follicular pustules that are often distributed on the lateral cheeks, the chin and the temporal sites of the forehead. The rare folliculitis due to Candida may also present as multiple pustular eruptions. 

Discoid lupus erythematosus discoid patches with adherent thick scales and follicular plugging, atrophic scarring... 

Figure 42-11. Model of iodide metabolism in the thyroid follicle. A follicular cell is shown facing the follicular lumen (top) and the extracellular space (at bottom). Iodide enters the thyroid primarily through a transporter (bottom left). Thyroid hormone synthesis occurs in the follicular space through a series of reactions, many of which are peroxidase-mediated. Thyroid hormones, stored in the colloid in the follicular space, are released from thyroglobulin by hydrolysis inside the thyroid cell. (Tgb, thyroglobulin MIT, monoiodotyrosine DIT, diiodotyro-sine Tj, triiodothyronine T4, tetraiodothyronine.) Asterisks indicate steps or processes that are inherited enzyme deficiencies which cause congenital goiter and often result in hypothyroidism.

THOMAS G A, WILLIAMS E D (1999) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-associated follicular hypertrophy and hyperplasia as a mechanism of thyroid carcinogenesis in mice and rats. lARC Sci Publ. 147 45-59. 

Eight rats had at least one of the tumors tabulated here. In addition, the following miscellaneous tumors were noted 1 rat had cortical adenoma of adrenal gland, 1 had follicular adenoma of thyroid gland, and 1 had pulmonary adenoma. 

CD35 C3b receptor CD36 Known to be z macrophage thrombospondin receptor CD40 Present on B cells and follicular dendritic cells CD41 Known to be z platelet glycoprotein... 

The female menstrual cycle is divided into four functional phases follicular, ovulatory, luteal, and menstrual.6 The follicular phase starts the cycle, and ovulation generally occurs on day 14. The luteal phase then begins and continues until menstruation occurs.6 The menstrual cycle is regulated by a negative-feedback hormone loop between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries6 (Fig. 45-1). 

A normal ovulatory cycle consists of follicular development, ovulation, corpus luteum development, and luteolysis. 

Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses owing to a loss of ovarian follicular function. The diagnosis of menopause is primarily a clinical one and is made after a women experiences amenorrhea for 12 consecutive months. The loss of ovarian follicular activity leads to an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which, on laboratory examination, may help to confirm the diagnosis. 

The pathophysiologic changes that occur during the perimenopausal and menopausal periods are caused by the decrease and eventual loss of ovarian follicular activity. As women age, the number of ovarian follicles decreases, and the remaining follicles require higher levels of FSH for maturation and ovulation. During perimenopause, FSH concentrations... 

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