Mercury fluorescent lamp

Keywords Fluorescent lamps Mercury dosing Producer Responsibility Fund Producer Responsibility Organization... 

Fluorescent lamp coatings, ethylene oxide polymers in, 10 688-689 Fluorescent lamps, mercury in, 16 41 Fluorescent lighting phosphors, cerium application, 5 688-689 Fluorescent photo-induced electron transfer (PET) sensor, 24 54 Fluorescent pigments, for inks, 14 318 Fluorescent probes, 11 150 16 388 modified-base oligonucleotides as, 17 633-634... 

Fluorescent lamps. No viable replacement has yet been discovered for mercury in general-purpose fluorescent lamps. Mercury-free xenon-based fluorescent discharges are available in a flat-panel format, suitable for back lighting of liquid crystal displays, but the efficiency is approximately 30% of a normal mercury-based fluorescent lamp therefore, this technology is enviromnentally counterproductive for general lighting applications. 

A mercury-vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses mercury in an excited state to produce light. They also offer a very long hfetime, as well as intense lighting. Like fluorescent lamps, mercury-vapor lamps usually require a starter which is usually contained within the mercury-vapor lamp itself. 

Fields related to electricity switch case, housing (washing machine, refrigerator, ventilator, pump, room cooler, etc.), fluorescent lamp, mercury lamp cover, antenna cover, door horn, metacover... 

California and Minnesota have placed restrictions on the disposal of fluorescent light tubes, which contain from 40—50 mg of mercury per tube, depending on size. After batteries, fluorescent lamps are the second largest contributor of mercury in soHd waste streams in the United States (3,14). A California law classifies the disposal of 25 or more fluorescent lamp tubes as hazardous waste. In Minnesota, all waste lamps generated from commercial sources are considered hazardous waste. Private homes are, however, exempt from the law (14). Other states have proposed similar regulations. Several companies have developed technologies for recovering mercury from spent lamps (14). 

Donor and acceptor levels are the active centers in most phosphors, as in zinc sulfide [1314-98-3] ZnS, containing an activator such as Cu and various co-activators. Phosphors are coated onto the inside of fluorescent lamps to convert the intense ultraviolet and blue from the mercury emissions into lower energy light to provide a color balance closer to daylight as in Figure 11. Phosphors can also be stimulated directly by electricity as in the Destriau effect in electroluminescent panels and by an electron beam as in the cathodoluminescence used in television and cathode ray display tubes and in (usually blue) vacuum-fluorescence alphanumeric displays. 

Fluorescent lamps, fluorescent lamp ballasts, batteries, pesticides, mercury-containing thermostats, and other mercury-containing equipment are being singled out for special consideration. Specifically, these electrical and electronic wastes outfall into a regulated category called universal wastes in the United States. 

By a strict definition, these electrical and electronic wastes are hazardous. Fluorescent lamps contain mercury, and almost all fluorescents fail the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) toxicity test for hazardous wastes. Fluorescent lamp ballasts manufactured in the mid-1980s contain polychorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a carcinogen most of these ballasts are still in service. Batteries can contain any of a number of hazardous materials, including cadmium (nickel-cadmium... 

How can the Ecodesign Directive be further developed to handle the RISKCYCLE-topic So far, pollution issues are involved in the context of product evaluation and the derivation of product standards, but rather in the sense of LCA to capture the energy side and the other relevant environmental indicators. The topic of mercury in compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) has made it clear that pollution issues can be quite important in the context of this Directive. However, relevant limits for energy saving lamps were first set by a waste-related regulation, namely the Annex of the WEEE Directive [7]. 

Abstract The mercury-bearing lamps, towards the end-of-life, pose significant hazard potential due to the likely release of mercury. Though, these fluorescent lamps (FLs) release relatively less quantity of mercury when disposed as compared to other mercury-based products, they are still a concern due to the large and further growing number of FLs in service, particularly, in the domestic sector and then-fragile nature. 

The estimated weight of a typical CFL is 0.04 kg without base, which is expected to contain around 20% of waste (by weight) as mercury-contaminated waste. The typical 1.2-m fluorescent lamps contain approximately 0.26 kg of glass, 0.02 kg of combined metals, and 0.01 kg of phosphor powder. In these waste streams, the concern is waste mercury and the broken parts of the lamps contaminated with mercury. 

Environmental and health considerations and other perceived risks have led many countries to adopt a policy for safe management of mercury in fluorescent lamps. For example, USA, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Japan, China, Taiwan, Hong Kong... 

Jang M, Hong SM, Park JK (2005) Characterization and recovery of mercury from spent fluorescent lamps. Waste Manag 25 5-14... 

Toxics Link (2011) Toxics in that glow mercury in compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) in India. Toxics Link, Delhi... 

CPCB (2008) Guidelines for environmentally sound mercury management in fluorescent lamp sector. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi... 

Of other concern are mercury-containing lamps. At the end-of-life, compact fluorescent lamps/fluorescent tube lights (CFLs/FTFs) are either disposed in bulk (sold in auction) or disposed individually along with municipal waste. Proper and safe collection of these products would mean its intact collection, transportation and recovery of different components including mercury. The case study outlines the possible hazardous consequences due to improper handling of EoL CFLs and FTLs and proposes a future safe collection, recycling and disposal plan. 

Fluorescent lamps generate light through a low-pressure mercury vapor discharge that has strong emission tines in the UV, namely at A = 254 nm and around 366 nm. The fluorescent layer is excited by the UV radiation and emits in the visible part of the spectrum. While remains of the 254 nm tine are efficiently rejected by the glass tube, some fraction of the 366 nm radiation can be measured in the emission spectrum of the lamp. 

Irradiation Mercury lamps Mercury lamps Fluorescent tubes Black fluorescent lamps Black fluorescent lamps Solar... 

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