Fluorescent tube lamps

On the other hand, the quality and quantity of emission from an electronically excited molecule, as in fluorescent tube lamps, are not basically functions of temperature. Photoluminescence is known as cold light. It is characteristic of the absorbing system. 

During the development of this new concept of photocatalytic reactor based on multiple hollow tubes [multiple tube reactor (MTR)], we developed a unique new lamp design. These are extremely narrow diameter fluorescent tube lamps of low wattage emitting lights in the wavelength of our interest (A<365nm). These new lamps address many of the solutions to the... 

Discharge iighting such as fluorescent tubes Lamp watts x 1.8 to take account of the controi gear... 

These restrictions do not apply to the less intense fluorescent tubes installed in the UVIS or MinUVIS (Fig. 6) or Universal UV lamps (Fig. 7). Black glass surrounds or screens serve as filters. Unfortunately account is often not taken of the fact that the transparency for short-wavelength UV light decreases appreciably with increasing duration of irradiation (Fig. 8). So it is advisable to change the filters of lamps intended for short-wavelength radiation at regular intervals. They can... 

Of other concern are mercury-containing lamps. At the end-of-life, compact fluorescent lamps/fluorescent tube lights (CFLs/FTFs) are either disposed in bulk (sold in auction) or disposed individually along with municipal waste. Proper and safe collection of these products would mean its intact collection, transportation and recovery of different components including mercury. The case study outlines the possible hazardous consequences due to improper handling of EoL CFLs and FTLs and proposes a future safe collection, recycling and disposal plan. 

In a Rapra study both natural PP and HDPE were tested together with similar materials containing carbon black as a stabiliser. The carbon black containing materials showed essentially no change in tensile strength after 1,035 days exposure in the UK, 510 days in Australia and 200 days in various accelerated exposures using QUVA lamps (fluorescent tubes which stimulate the UV sector (<400 nm wavelength)) and Xenon arc equipment (which stimulates the solar system). 

Irradiation Mercury lamps Mercury lamps Fluorescent tubes Black fluorescent lamps Black fluorescent lamps Solar... 

Generators who are disposing of their burned out fluorescent lamps as municipal waste could be in violation of regulations, and could be incurring a liability as well. Even if a lighting service company removes the spent fluorescent tubes, the generator could still be liable if the service company doesn t dispose of them properly. 

One strategy for avoiding these problems is to use the services of a mercury recycler such as Quicksilver Products, Inc. of Brisbane, CA This company is an EPA licensed handler of mercury wastes that is able to extract the mercury from fluorescent tubes and mercury vapor lamps, as well as from batteries, switches, thermometers, contaminated soil, and other sources. 

T Tubular fluorescent lamp TC Tubular fluorescent compact lamp H High pressure HM High pressure mercury HI High pressure iodide HS High pressure sodium L Low pressure LS Low pressure sodium Q Quartz (halogen) lamp . T Tubular lamp . E Elliptical form (2) -D Double tube compact lamp -DE Double ended -L Long compact lamp -SE Self ballasted electronic -U U-shaped fluorescent lamp -Us U-shaped fluorescent lamp, short -EL Compact fluorescent lamp for external electronic ballast -with key letter T Tube diameter (in mm) (3) Lamp rated power (without ballast), in W. 

The extraction of Be from its ore is attended by exposure to acid salts of the metal, particularly the fluoride (Bep2), the ammonium fluoride and sulfate (BeS04), and also to ber rllium oxide (BeO), and hydroxide [Be(OH)2], Exposure to the oxide also occurs in the casting of beryllium alloys and in operations with beryUia ceramics. In the manufacture of fluorescent powders, lamps, and sign tubes, there may be exposure to beryllium carbonate and to more complex salts, such as ZnMnBe silicate. Exposure to beryllium compounds encountered in the extraction of the metal... 

Option 1 can be achieved by use of a fluorescent lamp combining UV and VIS outputs or by use of a xenon or metal halide lamp. In actuality. Option 1 offers a choice between three different types of sources. A window-glass filter should be used in combination with sources producing significant radiation below 320 nm (e.g., xenon- and metal halide lamps, near-UV fluorescent tubes). It has also been questioned whether filters should be recommended for fluorescent lamps (Option 2) (2). 

Because the confirmatory study also represents "worst-case" conditions, there should be few chances that an unstable product is not discovered. Examples of sources currently used by the pharmaceutical industry are xenon- and metal halide lamps (Option 1), artificial- and full spectrum daylight fluorescent tubes (Option 1), white fluorescent- and near UV-fluorescent tubes (Option 2). In (Northern) Europe (e.g., Scandinavia, England, and Germany), it seems that Option 1 with the xenon lamp is the preferred source. 

As described above, most lamps age as a function of time. This can result in not only a change of spectral power distribution but also in a lower output. Lamps should, therefore, be changed at defined time intervals (e.g., xenon lamp after 1000-2000 hrs, fluorescent tubes after 5000-10,000 hrs, and metal halide after 3000 hrs) as specified by the producer. Care should be taken to ascertain that the producers and the user s rating criteria are the same, which may not be the case. 

How is one to proceed if the sample shows no change after exposure to the 200Wh/m UV dose but is decomposed after the 1.2 million lux hours in a test chamber designed according to Option 1 (e.g., xenon lamp) One possibility is to rerun the test using a filter to eliminate the UV irradiation in excess. Another possibility is to rerun the exposure to 1.2 million lux hours using a cool white fluorescent tube. If the sample is stable to this VIS exposure, it meets the ICH guideline. 

Figure 10 Bank of 4ft cool-white fluorescent lamps in banks of six lights, all placed with the label on one side of the bank and with adjacent banks alternated top to bottom. Figure illustrates the variation of brightness along the length of long fluorescent tubes. Source-. Joinsill and Sanofi-Winthrop.

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