Fluid, petroleum mixing

Fluid mixing is a unit operation carried out to homogenize fluids in terms of concentration of components, physical properties, and temperature, and create dispersions of mutually insoluble phases. It is frequently encountered in the process industry using various physical operations and mass-transfer/reaction systems (Table 1). These industries include petroleum (qv), chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper (qv), and mining. The fundamental mechanism of this most common industrial operation involves physical movement of material between various parts of the whole mass (see Supplement). This is achieved by transmitting mechanical energy to force the fluid motion. 

A common problem in offshore petroleum production is that sulfate scale may form when seawater is injected into the formation during waterflooding operations. The scale forms when seawater, which is rich in sulfate but relatively poor in Ca++ and nearly depleted in Sr++ and Ba++, mixes with formation fluids, many of which contain bivalent cations in relative abundance but little sulfate. The mixing causes minerals such as gypsum (CaSC>4 2H2O), anhydrite (CaSC>4), celestite (SrSOzO, and barite (BaS04, an almost insoluble salt) to become saturated and precipitate as scale. 

In addition to water, NAPLs, such as petroleum, oils, tars, and biological fluids, are often present in the subsurface. When more than one fluid is present, there is a need to describe how well they mix, referred to as their miscibility. Water and vegetable oil are immiscible fluids. Many of the NAPLs are immiscible with water and will occur as separate fluid bodies, droplets, zones, etc. in the subsurface environment. 

Hahn s Explosive. A cheap explosive mixture prepared as follows Burnt lime was dissolved in raw, odorless nitric-acid so as to produce a clear transparent fluid resembling petroleum jelly. This fluid was diluted with 1 to 5 parts of water according to the desired explosive power, and then mixed with a powdered cellulosic material such as peat, sawdust, etc, until a consistant mass was obtained. After giving this mass any suitable form, it was dried and used as a... 

Though safer than the decomposition of pure, solid diazonium tetrafluoroborates, dediazoni-ation of these compounds mixed with inert solid salts cannot be scaled up to a large extent since heat exchange through large quantities of powdered solids rapidly becomes difficult. Thus, dediazoniation of arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates suspended in inert fluids is an alternative proposition.13105 141 175-219 220 In addition to the safety improvement, lower quantities of tar are formed using this technique. The inert fluid can be ligroin,143 petroleum ether,147 Decalin,3 or simple aromatic compounds,1-3,5,131-221 such as toluene, xylene, biphenyl, nitrobenzene,177 or quinoline. Simple esters have also been used as solvents in the dediazoniation... 

Harris, P.C. A Comparison of Mixed Gas Foams With N2 and C02 Foam Fracturing Fluids on a Flow Loop Viscometer in Proc., Annual Technical Conference of SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers New Orleans, LA,... 

Chemical Thermodynamics Fluid Dynamics, Chemical Engineering Fluid Mixing Membranes, Synthetic Petroleum Refining... 

Chemical Thermodynamics Coordination Compounds Electrolyte Solutions, Transport Properties Fluid Mixing Mineral Processing Petroleum Refining Pharmaceuticals Rubber, Synthetic Synthetic Fuels... 

Petroleum is recovered from the reservoir mixed with a variety of substances gases, water, and dirt (minerals) (Burris and McKinney, 1992). Thus, refining actually commences with the production of fluids from the well or reservoir and is followed by pretreatment operations that are applied to the crude oil either at the refinery or prior to transportation. Pipeline operators, for instance, are insistent upon the quality of the fluids put into the pipelines therefore, any crude oil to be shipped by pipeline or, for that matter, by any other form of transportation must meet rigid specifications in regard to water and salt content. In some instances, sulfur content, nitrogen content, and viscosity may also be specified. 

A further report of the oxidation ability of manganese nodules is that of Nitta.53 Several reactions were carried out with natural manganese oxide nodules including oxidative dehydrogenations of alkanes and cycloalkanes, reduction of NO, total oxidation of CO, and use in the gettering of metal and mixed metal ions. For example, nodules were found to have a tremendous capacity for adsorption of heavy metals and toxic metals like Pb2+, and Hg2+. in addition, nodules have been used to sequester metals that are present in petroleum fractions that can contain metals like V and Ni. These metals can cause degradation of the fluid cracking catalysts even at levels as low as 1 ppm. 

Many industrial processes rely on effective agitation and mixing of fluids. The application of agitators cover the areas of mining, hydrometallurgy, biol-ogy, petroleum, food, pulp and paper, pharmaceutical and chemical process industry. In particular, in these industries we find typical chemical reaction engineering processes like fermentation, waste water treatment, hydrogenation, polymerization, crystallization, flue gas desulfurization, etc [65, 21]. 

Stainforth presents new models for reservoir filling and mixing. He presents data to support the idea that, in many cases, petroleum does not mix at all during reservoir filling. As new petroleum enters the trap, it fills from the crest of the structure, forcing previously emplaced petroleum downwards. This is a result of the general decrease in fluid density with maturity. This model predicts that the shapes of saturation pressure versus depth curves are related to trap geometry (depth versus volume curves) as well as source rock kitchen parameters. Field data are presented to support this model. 

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