Filling reservoirs

Fig. 5.19 Electrodes used in voltammetry. A—dropping mercury electrode (DME). R denotes the reservoir filled with mercury and connected by a plastic tube to the glass capillary at the tip of which the mercury drop is formed. B—ultramicroelectrode (UME). The actual electrode is the microdisk at the tip of a Wollaston wire (a material often used for UME) sealed in the glass tube...

At least two different techniques are available to compress an emulsion at a given osmotic pressure H. One technique consists of introducing the emulsion into a semipermeable dialysis bag and to immerse it into a large reservoir filled with a stressing polymer solution. This latter sets the osmotic pressure H. The permeability of the dialysis membrane is such that only solvent molecules from the continuous phase and surfactant are exchanged across the membrane until the osmotic pressure in the emulsion becomes equal to that of the reservoir. The dialysis bag is then removed and the droplet volume fraction at equilibrium is measured. 

Multiple column switching has been made possible by the construction of a cyclic CE microstructure in which four channels that are 20 mm in length are arranged to form a square, as illustrated in Figure 8.20.62 Two channels at each corner connect the loop to external reservoirs filled with separation buffer. Platinum electrodes are inserted into the reservoirs for the application of high voltages. One side of the device has a volume-defined injection scheme incorporated into it. The overall technique is called synchronized cyclic capillary electrophoresis.63... 

The two reservoirs filled with adsorptive at the same p (high enough to complete experiment). 

Water enters the paddy via a ditch from a reservoir filled by the Little LaGrue Bayou. At the time of filling, the paddy contained about 0.06 p.p.b. dieldrin. Since our test plot was sown with a late variety of rice, this bayou had received one or more drainings from the surrounding fields. About a month later the concentration of dieldrin in the irrigation water was reduced by about 40%. 

B2 (apply water) Spray nozzle Water reservoir Fill hood with water... 

Attach thermocirculator with silicon tubing to reactor and reservoir, fill with water and set temperature to 37°C. 

From this evidence, it is important to remember that under otherwise equal conditions, the degree of reservoir fill should depend roughly linearly on the seal thickness and the gas generation rate directly below. In order to determine the physical process driving gas through a seal, two different models have been programmed based on diffusion and on Darcy... 

The base (7) (6 x 7.4 x 1.5 cm) includes two reservoirs filled with the solvent system, one of which (5) is for development, the other (2), in the central part, being for chamber saturation if required. For development, the prepared TLC plate (6) with the coating facing downwards is placed on the central reservoir. The glass plate (4) (1x5 cm) in the left-hand solvent system reservoir is tilted (5) to cause development of the TLC plate to commence. The anti-evaporation hood (7) with a transparent top is placed over the equipment after the start of the process. 

Top-off batch mode was intended to take advantage of apparent membrane enzyme rejection. A trial was begun in regular batch mode with the puree reservoir filled with treated puree. Permeate was removed as usual, but additional untreated puree was added to the retentate in the reservoir, at periodic intervals, in amounts equal to the permeate volume removed, thus maintaining a constant retentate volume and utilizing retained enzymes to treat the makeup puree. ... 

Reservoir-Filling - MicroCHlPS.avi Reservoir-Opening - MicroCHlPS.avi Automated filling device (CMP) guarantees precise distribution of the drug in all compartments - release by foil-disintegration. (Kindly provided by John T. Santini, Jr, President Chief Sdentilic Officer, MicroCHIPS, Inc, USA)... 

The reservoirs filling procedure was monitored by mounting the chip, placed on a suitable holder, on an Olympus CK40M inverted microscope. 

Stainforth presents new models for reservoir filling and mixing. He presents data to support the idea that, in many cases, petroleum does not mix at all during reservoir filling. As new petroleum enters the trap, it fills from the crest of the structure, forcing previously emplaced petroleum downwards. This is a result of the general decrease in fluid density with maturity. This model predicts that the shapes of saturation pressure versus depth curves are related to trap geometry (depth versus volume curves) as well as source rock kitchen parameters. Field data are presented to support this model. 

Oil biomarker compositions were measured in samples from three wells in the central part of the Ross Field (Fig. 11). Wells 13/28-2 and 13/28a-5 had similar compositions, but the oil in 13/29a-3 has a different composition, related to a higher thermal maturity. If diffusion was the only mechanism leading to fluid mixing, then in 40 Ma the oil would be able to mix over a distance of about 520 m, illustrated by dashed circles around the wells in Figure 11. It is thus possible that the biomarker differences were inherited from the reservoir filling history, and subsequently have not had time to mix completely. This would indicate that the oil chemistry could not be interpreted to indicate compartmentalization. However, it is possible that the biomarker maturity parameters reflect oils of different density (unfortunately, density was not measured in oils from the crucial location). Indeed, there are density differences between the oils in wells 13/29a-l and 13.29a-3. The density-mixing model (equation (10)) would indicate that density overturn would mix oil densities over the whole central part of the field... 

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