Plant fluids

Some plants produce fluids that have been used in their natural states, as everything from calking to food, and processed to create lacquers, resins, and water-proofing. 

Latex is a term used to describe the milky white sap of various tropical plants that is the parent material of rubber and gutta-percha. Rubber is the 

Hard rubber has a variety of names, some of which may denote differences in composition or plants of origin. These include ebonite, bone rubber, gutta-percha, and vulcanite. Gutta-percha is technically a product of Asia, from different plants than those that produce rubber, but these terms are often used interchangeably for any rigid rubber material. 

Early uses of rubber mostly involved the weather-proofing of fabric or leather. This must have been frustrating, since these coatings melted in hot sunlight. Charles Macintosh was a Scottish chemist who found that by combining rubber with naphtha, he got a more stable compound that would not melt if it got warm. Clothing made from fabric coated with this compound was called a Macintosh. 

Vulcanization of soft or India rubber was discovered by Charles Goodyear in 1839. He was followed by Nelson Goodyear, who patented the vulcanization of hard rubber in 1851. These processes involve the treatment of natural rubber with heat, sulfur, and various metallic compounds. The resultant material is stronger and more stable than raw rubber, while still retaining the desirable properties of elasticity and flexibility. It is also resistant to heat and does not melt like raw rubber or gutta percha. 

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Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants Fluid Flow... 

Note Reference of the. PI gravity values to refinery and petrochemical plant fluids will show that they correspond to many common hydrocarbons. 

To an engineer working in a chemical or explosives(or ammunition) plant, fluid-mechanics is useful not only in predicting friction losses and interconversions of pressure and velocity, but also in producing analogies among the transport of momentum. 

Much of the work on the identification of carboxylic add complexation has been pioneered by Tiffen. He was the first to positively identify an iron-citrate complex in plant xylem.22 Iron-dtrate complexes have since been identified in a number of plants. The complex formed in these plant fluids is anionic, and Tiffen has shown that a number of other metal ions (Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn and Zn) are also present as anionic complexes.23 Although the neutrality of complexes may be considered a prerequisite for metal ion penetration of membranes, this has not been demonstrated with plant roots or with leaf-cell membranes. Involvement of negatively charged dtrate complexes of Ni11 has been confirmed both for nickel uptake and for translocation in plant species.24 Trisoxalatochro-mate(III) anion has been found in the leaf tissues of a plant species.25... 

Plant fluids have also been used to produce compounds that are used in making protective coatings, consolidants, and glues. 

Sohds Processing Plant Solids-Fluid Processing Plant Fluid Processing Plant... 

In cooperation with the Hamburg company C.R. Eckehnann, a pilot plant fluid-bed reactor (TWS 2) for a 1.5-2.5 t/day throughput of scrap tires has been built at the University of Hamburg (Figure 17.5). Its particular construction shows horizontal, fluidizing-gas inlet... 

Any milky white plant fluid ie a potential eource of latex which can be used Co gel gasoline... 

The toxic activity of the plant is unclear. Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) noted in the plant fluids may initiate changes in the immune system that alter T- and... 

Aphids are plant fluid feeding pests of kava. Aphis gossypii is the most common found on kava in Tonga. Extremely large colonies can become established, especially during dry weather. However, the most damaging aspect of aphid infestation is their role as a vector of CMV, the cause of kava dieback. 

Mites are small plant fluid sucking pests. The two major species which have been... 

Mealy bugs (Planococcus spp.) are also plant fluid sucking insects which sometimes attack kava aerial parts and roots. Severe infestation can lead to defoliation, and in the case of root infestation, to a general unsightly plant appearance. 

In normal foliage spraying with benomyl, the pH of the aqueous suspension is close to neutral, so that the conversion time on the plant and in the plant fluids is probably of the same order of magnitude as under aqueous neutral or slightly acid conditions. However, in the suspension applied the persistency of benomyl is incereased by rapid drying of the spray, which prevents further decomposition of the active substance. 

A better understanding of this subject is possible when the location and function of the pectic substances in plants are reviewed. The movement of water and plant fluids to the rapidly growing fruits and the retention of form and firmness of fruits are functions of pectin. This intercellular substance in plants is similar in action to the intercellular substance of the vertebrates—collagen (the precursor of gelatin). Protopectin, the water-insoluble precursor of pectin, is abundant in immature fruit tissues. Ripening processes involve hydrolytic changes of protopectin to form pectin and later, as maturity is passed, enzymic demethylation and depolymerization of pectin to form pectates and eventually soluble sugars and acids. 

Oily liq. Faint odor. bp2 134". Virtually itisol in water. Sol in ethanol, propylene glycol, toluene and similar hydrocarbons. Absorbed by plants, rendering the foliage and plant fluids toxic to insects. l.I>M in female, male rats 2.5, 6.2 mg/kg orally 8.2, 14 mg/kg dermally, T. B. Gaines, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 14, 515 (1969). 

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