Fluid extracts formulations

The thermo- and chemolabilc genuine valepotriates arc not present in the usual therapeutically used formulations (infusion, extract, fluid extract, tincture),... 

SFE has been used extensively in the analysis of solid polymers. Supercritical fluid extraction of liquid samples is undertaken less widely because dissolution or entrainment of the matrix can occur. As illustrated elsewhere SFE has also been applied for the analysis of liquid poly(alkylene glycol) (PAG) lubricants and sorbitan ester formulations [370]. The analysis of PAG additives (antioxidants, biocides and anticorrosion, antiwear and antifoaming agents) is hindered by the presence of the low molecular weight PAG matrix (liquid) and therefore a method for the selective separation of additives from PAG is required. The PAG... 

Hinman et al. [492] have compared SFE and ASE in the extraction of antioxidants from LDPE. Comparable extraction yields were obtained with both techniques. However, sample clean-up was necessary after ASE , while with SFE the extract could be analysed directly without any post-extraction clean-up. Supercritical fluid extraction of 15 polymer additives (AOs, UVAs, process lubricants, flame retardants and antistatic agents) from eight PS formulations was compared to dissolu-tion/precipitation extractions [557], Additive recoveries were comparable. Numerous additional comparisons can be found under the specific headings of the extraction techniques (Sections 3.3 and 3.4). 

L. J. Mulcahey and L. T. Taylor, Supercritical fluid extraction of active components in a drug formulation , Anal. Chem. 64 981-984 (1992). 

Eye Washes. See Solutions, ophthalmic. Fluidextracts Fluidextracts are concentrated liquid preparations representing the therapeutically active principles of vegetable drugs. They are formulated in such a way that the activity of one gram of the drug is contained in one milliliter of the fluid-extract. They are generally prepared by some form of percolation, using alcohol in the menstruum. Fluid-extracts first became official in 1850 when five were entered in the United States Pharmacopeia by their... 

Roston, D.A. Sun, J.J. Collins, P.W. Perkins, W.E. Tremont, S.J. Supercritical fluid extraction-liquid chromatography method development for a polymeric controlled-release drug formulation. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 1995, 13 (12), 1513-1520. 

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has mled that the stimulant laxatives aloe (including aloe extract and aloe flower extract) and cascara sagrada (including casanthranol, cascara fluidextract aromatic, cascara sagrada bark, cascara sagrada extract, and cascara sagrada fluid extract) in over-the-counter formulations are not safe and effective or are misbranded (9). 

So far some very important aroma chemicals better known as flavor and fragrance chemicals used to be isolated and extracted from natural products such as essential oils, resinoids, extracts, etc. Solvent extraction, steam distillation or, more recently, supercritical fluid extraction using high pressure CO2 have been some of the important methods for isolation of the important flavor and fragrance chemicals. There is a wide range of aromatic chemicals both from natural sources or made by organic chemical synthesis which have been introduced in various finished products. They are never used in very pure form but are further formulated for specific... 

Karlsson L, Torstensson A, Taylor LT. The use of supercritical fluid extraction for sample preparation of pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997 Feb 15(5) 601-611. 

King JW. Applications of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography-supercritical fluid extraction to natural products. J Chromatogr Sci 1990 28 9-14. King JW. Capillary supercritical fluid chromatography of cosmetic ingredients and formulations. J Microcol Sep 1998 10 33-39. 

Activated charcoal is effective in decreasing theophylline absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, and whole bowel irrigation is especially useful for decontamination of orally administered sustained-release formulations of the drug. Hypotension is often managed by saline infusion, though vasopressors may be required. The blood levels of theophylline are decreased by charcoal hemoperfusion or by hemodialysis. Ipecac fluid extract contains cardiotoxic alkaloids and should never be used as an emetic. The answer is (D). 

Crude, tincmre, and extracts. Crude, tincture, and fluid extract were formerly official in N.F. crude flowers and root formerly in U.S.P. In the United States in 1998, Arnica Montana extract was reported to be used in close to 1(X) body care formulations including bubble baths, hair conditioners, hair dyes, deodorants, skin fresheners, moisturizers, shaving creams, and various others such products. ... 

Spans and Tweens have been used to overcome similar problems in the formulation of medicines for internal use. The solubilization of resinous components of tinctures such as benzoin and myrrh in aqueous vehicles and the incorporation of water-soluble ingredients into oily vehicles has been discussed by Stoklosa and Ohmart [230]. Gerding and Sperandio [229] give examples of mixtures of tinctures and fluid extracts which, on addition of polysorbate 20, will not precipitate on dilution. Cetomacrogol 1000 added in small amounts to opiate linctus of squill, syrup of ginger, compound mixtures of camphor, and of lobelia and stramonium has a similar clearing action [207]. 

A functional drink can be defined as one that offers the consumer additional perceived benefits besides its primary function, which is hydration - the maintenance of body fluid at a suitable level. The benefits are usually directed towards some aspect of maintaining good health or coping with the pressures of modern lifestyles. A range of functional ingredients, including herbal extracts, is available to the formulator of functional drinks. 

Initially, plasma and oral fluid specimens from patients (n = 21) on different antidepressant treatment were collected twice to assess if any of the studied analytes was likely to show a good correlation. The best results were obtained for venlafaxine (%CV for plasma/oral fluid concentrations ratio (f OF/PL) <21%). Therefore, the study was extended for this antidepressant by analysis of oral fluid and plasma specimens from five patients on venlafaxine treatment collected on four occasions. Daily doses of venlafaxine retard formulations were 75 mg for two patients, and 150 mg for the remaining participants. Collection of oral fluid (direct spitting into polypropylene tubes) and plasma (heparinized tubes) specimens was performed, when possible, before the next dose to ensure the drug was in the elimination phase. The dose and the time of collection was the same on the four different occasions for each patient. For the analysis, oral fluid and plasma specimens were centrifuged at 14 x 103 rpm, and 0.2 mL of the supernatant were extracted. In addition, correlation between the concentrations in the plasmatic free fraction and in oral fluid was also evaluated. Plasmatic proteins were eliminated by filtering 0.5 mL of plasma samples using Microcon filter devices Ultracel YM-3 (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA, USA). 

Fluid-State PC. This PC is extracted from soybean, and its molecule contains mainly unsaturated fatty acids. Its transition temperature is approximately 0°C, and it is referred to as the fluid-state PC. The PC molecule has structure-forming properties, and is therefore used as an excipient, both in drugs and in cosmetic preparations. In addition, it is used as an pharmacologically active drug substance in oral, systemic, and topical formulations. 

Quaternary Ammonium Herbicides Paraquat and diquat are the most important members of this class and are readily available in various proprietary formulations. Their analysis is complicated by the fact that they are not extractable by conventional liquid/liquid extraction procedures, nor can they be gas chromatographed in their original form. Ingestion of large amounts (several grams) of paraquat leads rapidly to death, and in these cases ultraviolet spectrophotometry may be used. However, death can occur even with smaller doses (300 mg), and the concentrations in body fluids are consequently much lower. Specific radioimmunoassay methods have been developed (T. Levitt, Proc. Analyt Div. Chem. Soc., 1979, 16, 72-76, and D. Fatori and W. M. Hunter, Clinica chim. Acta, 1980, 100, 81-90). 

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