Flower orientation

Eisikowitch, D. and Rotem, R. (1987). Flower orientation and color change in Quisqualis indica and their possible role in pollinator partitioning. Botanical Gazette 148 175-179. 

Sandalwood Oil, East Indian. The use of sandalwood oil for its perfumery value is ancient, probably extending back some 4000 years. Oil from the powdered wood and roots of the tree Santalum album L. is produced primarily in India, under government control. Good quaUty oil is a pale yellow to yellow viscous Hquid characterized by an extremely soft, sweet—woody, almost ariimal—balsarnic odor. The extreme tenacity of the aroma makes it an ideal blender—fixative for woody-Oriental—floral fragrance bases. It also finds extensive use for the codistillation of other essential oils, such as rose, especially in India. There the so-called attars are made with sandalwood oil distilled over the flowers or by distillation of these flowers into sandalwood oil. The principal constituents of sandalwood oil are shown in Table 11 (37) and Figure 2. 

Under these conditions, blue flowers can be achieved as a metal complex of anthocyanin (called a metalloanthocyanin) is stabilized through the association of a metal ion with two hydroxy groups oriented ortho to one another on the anthocyanin ring, as illustrated in Fig. 9.4.3J2 In basic solution, the structure of the anthocyanin (Fig. 9.4.4) no longer has ortho-oriented hydroxy groups. Metal complexation is no longer possible, and the flower color appears red. 

Flowers of some orchids mimic both the appearance and sex pheromone of virgin females of certain species of bees or wasps. This sexual deception results in pollination by male hymenoptera that would not normally visit flowers. Japanese honey bee drones (Apis cerana japonica) cluster on the oriental orchid (Cymbidiumpumilum) while on their mating flights [ 134]. By comparing volatile profiles of orchids and the female hymenoptera they mimic, or by GC-EAD and GC-MS analysis of orchid volatiles, several compounds have been identified that may mediate this attraction for the solitary bee Andrena nigroaenea [135, 136] and the scoliid wasp Campsoscolia ciliata [135]. 

Common Name Banana borer Red rust thrips Flower thrips Red scale Yellow scale Red spider Caterpillar Grasshoppers Oriental fruit fly Banana aphid... 

Nishida, R., Shelly, T.E. and Kaneshiro, K. Y. (1997). Acquisition of female-attracting fragrance by males of oriental fruit fly from a Hawaiian lei flower, Fagraea berteriana. Journal of Chemical Ecology 23 2275-2285. 

At first the flower on the table did not seem exceptional, even though it was clearly both alive and artificial. I tried to remember the name of the oriental plant that it resembled. Could it be ginger I have seen flowers like these in hotels in Maui, Hawaii, in Cancun, Mexico, and even in the Copley Plaza in Boston. They have a distinctive color between red and very hot pink, the leaves are deep green with a waxy sheen, and some of the corolla petals are white. 

Mathematical symmetry is a little more restrictive than is the meaning of the word in everyday usage. For example, some might say tliat flowers, diamonds, butterflies, snail shells, and paisley ties (Fig. 3.1) are all Itighly symmetrical because of (lie harmony and attractiveness of their forms and proportions, but the pattern of a paisley tie is not balanced in mathematical language, it lacks symmetry elements. A (lower, crystal, or molecule is said to liave symmetry if it has two or more orientations in space that are indistinguishable, and the criteria forjudging these are based on symmetry elements and symmetry operations. 

FIGURE 47.1 The oriental poppy (Papaver somniferum) from which opium is derived. The unripe pod from which opium juice is obtained is shown together with the flowering plant. 

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merril. Perry, syn. Eugenia aromaticum or E. caryo-phyllata) is one of the most ancient and valuable spices of the Orient. It is a member of the family Myrtaceae. The clove of commerce is its dried unopened flower buds. The word clove was derived either from the Latin word clavus, or the French form clou, meaning nail . The buds resemble irregular nails. 

Iva nevadensis, Helianthus spp. (Asteraceae), Lysionolus pauciflora (Gesneriaceae), Mentha piperita, Ocimum canum (Lamiaceae) [leaf, flower] Widespread Vitex agnus-castus L. (Lamiaceae), Polygonum orientals (Polygonaceae)... 

A single gene may be responsible for the resistance, and in these cases the level of resistance can be quite high. Well-known examples are the 2000-fold resistance to organophosphates in spider mites, spinosad resistance in western flower thrips, DDT resistance in houseflies, and dieldrin resistance in several Diptera. In other cases, multiple genes are clearly involved in the resistance. Examples are carbaryl resistance in houseflies (Georghiou, 1972), carbaryl resistance in fall army worms (Yu et al., 2003), and malathion resistance in oriental houseflies (Yeoh et al., 1981). 

Zhou et al. reported the synthesis of flower-like ceria NPs by thermal decomposition of (NH4)2Ce(N03)g in OA/OM solvents at 230-300 °C. The small ceria nanoparticles form, assemble, and fuse mainly via (111) faces by oriented attachment. Monitoring by in situ electrical resistance measurements shows that the conductive species are diminished when the flower-like nanostructures form (Zhou et al., 2008a Figure 6). Ceria nanoflowers and nanocubes are also obtained in octadecylamine, with higher temperature for nanoflower and lower temperature for nanocubes. The obtained colloidal nanoparticles can be self-assembled into nanospheres assisted by SDS surfactants (Wang et al., 2008a). 

Ginseng is a long-stemmed herb with palmate leaves. Flowers are yellowish green and bloom in groups of two to four. Red drupe berries appear in clusters. This herb is native to the Orient but widely cultivated in the United States for export. 

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