Floodwaters

The policy cover may be extended to include damage to assets from extra perils if the necessary additional premium is paid. These include storm damage, floodwater, burst water pipes or tanks, aircraft, riot, malicious damage or impact by mechanical vehicles. It is also possible to include an item to cover architects , surveyors and consultants fees and legal fees all incurred in the reinstatement of the property insured, as well as a sum to cover the costs of removing debris from the site before rebuilding can start. 

Most of the surface drainage due to rain falling on roofs, roadways, etc. will be normal, acceptable floodwater and... 

Where boilers are filled with water, the treatment solution may need to be made up in a day tank before addition. The floodwater is then circulated via a pump located between the BD line and the FW line to ensure an even distribution of the chemical program. 

Flooded superheaters are treated with amine to raise the pH of the floodwater to 8.8 to 9.2. 

It has been shown that sulfidogenic bacteria injected into a reservoir with floodwater may survive higher temperatures in the formation and can be recovered from producing well fluids [1546]. These organisms may colonize cooler zones and sustain growth by degrading fatty acids in formation waters. 

Flood control dikes (or embankment), levees, and floodwalls are the most common flood protection structures. They are used in areas subject to inundation from tidal flow or riverine flooding, but not for areas directly within open floodways. Levees create a barrier to confine floodwaters to a flood-way and to protect structures behind the barrier. Floodwalls perform much the same function as levees, but are constructed from concrete. 

Abdo, M.K. Chung, H.S. Phelps, C.H. Klaric, T.M. "Field Experience with Floodwater Diversion by Complexed Biopolymers" SPE/DOE paper 12642, 1984 SPE/DOE Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, April 15-18. 

Trapped air and expansion of heated air in the soil are the cause of vesicle formation. When the air is driven out by infiltrating rain or floodwater, and cannot escape downwards, it escapes through the upper surface of the soil. When the soil surface is neither covered by stone, nor sealed by crusts, the vesicles are of a temporary nature only. When,... 

Ahmadvand M, Karami E (2009) A social impact assessment of the floodwater spreading project on the Gareh-Bygone plain in Iran a causal comparative approach. Environ Imp Assess Rev 29 126-136... 

The methods described above were tested at two sites in Hawaii The Nuuanu reservoir on Oahu, which is above downtown Honolulu, and the Waikoloa Dam on Hawaii Island, which is above the town of Waimea. In both cases the analyses were performed with and without topographic data obtained by a field survey crew. Detailed results from the ca e studies and results of a sensitivity analysis are reported elsewhere. The flood inundation maps produced for Waimea and Honolulu were overlaid onto several GIS infrastructure layers. These layers included major roads, secondary roads, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, police stations, fire stations, civil defense headquarters, chemical plants, electric plants and transmission lines, water plants, and wells (which could be contaminated by floodwaters). Critical facilities in the flood zone were identified and listed along with their mailing addresses and phone numbers of contact personnel. 

Irrigated. Grown in levelled, bunded fields with good water control. Crop is fiansplanted or direct seeded in puddled soil, and a shallow floodwater is maintained on the soil surface so tiiat the soil is predominantly anoxic during crop growth. 

Table 1.5 shows the importance of denitrification in wetlands on a global scale. Further, agricultural wetlands are important sources of NH3 which is emitted by volatilization of ammoniacal-N in the floodwater ... 

The floodwater often has a high pH as a result of CO2 removal by photosynthe-sizing organisms, favouring NH3 volatilization. 

Figure 2.14 Effect of mixing by tubificids on fiux of P between soil and floodwater calculated with Equations (2.37) and (2.40). Numbers on curves are depths of mixing...

The corresponding changes in alkalinity are H-17/106 = - -0.16molc per mol C fixed for NO3 nutrition and —15/106 = —0.14molc per mol C fixed for NH4" nutrition. More significant changes in the alkalinity of ricefield floodwater are... 

Figure 3.3 Calculated diurnal changes in the pH and concentrations of carbonate species in ricefield floodwater for sinusoidally varying [H2CO3 ] with (a) [Aik] = lOmM, (b) [Aik] = 0.5 mM. The free CO2 concentrations are in mgL to be consistent with Figure 3.2...

An important practical problem in ricefields is the loss of N fertilizer through volatilization of NH3 from the floodwater. Loss of NH3 is sensitive to the pH of the floodwater, and hence is intimately linked to the dynamics of dissolved CO2 (Bouldin and Alimago, 1976). To quantify this it is necessary to consider the simultaneous transfers of CO2 and NH3 across the air-water interface and their coupling through acid-base reactions. There is an equation of type (3.33) for the flux of NH3 across the still air layer and, as for the dissolved CO2 and carbonate species, the flux across the still water layer is... 

Further transformations of N take place at the oxic interfaces between the soil and floodwater and root and soil where NH4+ diffusing in from the neighbouring anoxic soil may be nitrified to NOs. Subsequently, NOs diffusing out into the anoxic soil may be denitrified to N2. This process results in significant losses of N from wet soils but its importance in submerged soils is unclear (Section 5.3). 

There may be a cycling of S compounds of different oxidation state between anaerobic and aerobic zones in the soil, such as at the soil—floodwater interface. In reduced lake and marine sediments this leads to accumulation of insoluble sulfides as S04 carried into the sediment from the water above is immobilized. Such deposits function as sinks for heavy metals. Plants absorb S through their roots as S04 H2S is toxic to them. Therefore HS must be oxidized to S04 in the rhizosphere before it is absorbed. 

This chapter describes the important micro- and macrobiological processes in submerged soil and the overlying floodwater. Processes in plants and their rhizo-spheres are discussed in Chapter 6. The microbiological processes are discussed first and then the additional complexities caused by macrobiological processes and the particular ecology of the floodwater-soil system. 

These general features of NOs reduction in submerged rice soils are bom out by field observations. Buresh et al. (1993b) found that from 60 to 75 % of N-labelled NOs" applied on the surface of flooded ricefields was lost by denitrification over 2-3 weeks, as measured by the not recovered in the soil, floodwater and plants. The recovery of (N2 + N20)- N in chambers placed over the floodwater was less than the estimated denitrification loss because gas bubbles became entrapped in the soil. More N2 + N2O was recovered when the chambers were placed over the rice plants showing that some of the gas escaped through the plants. The not lost by denitrification was presumed to have... 

The floodwater and uppermost part of the soil are oxygenated by photosynthetic organisms, and the rhizosphere is oxygenated by leakage of O2 from plant roots. 

---