Water burst

ERDL (now HEMRL), Pune has also developed Mine Anti-Personnel Inflammable (abbreviated as MAPI) with the use of this instant gel and gasoline. MAPI can be effectively used to prevent the movement of enemy personnel across water surfaces like canal, ditch-cum-bunds (DCBs) and similar water obstacles by generating a high temperature flame that spreads and floats on water. The mine deployed under water bursts open on initiation and gelled petrol floats on the water surface. 

As each kernel is heated, the water within each kernel is also heated to the point that it would turn into water vapor. The shell of the kernel, however, is airtight and this keeps the water as a superheated liquid. Eventually, the pressure exerted by the superheated water exceeds the holding power of the kernel and the water bursts out as a vapor, which causes the kernel to pop. These are physical changes. The starches within the kernel, however, ate also cooked by the high temperatures, and this is an example of a chemical change. 

Coupled coal-methane-water process has been an active research area in China for a long time due to its utmost importance to mine safety and productivity and the traditional importance of coal mining in Chinese energy industry. In this review only some of the recent works on mathematical modelling on methane migration and water burst problems are highlighted due to space limit. 

Gao Y. 1995. Mechanical effects of water pressure on water burst at working face floors. Coal Field Geology Exploration, 24(6), pp. 506-509. 

Keywords. Water inrush source recognition. Mine water-bursting. Immune algorithm, Back Propagation Neural Network... 

From Table 1 and Table 2, we can see that the right rate of water-bursting source identification obtained by several different methods is different. The right rate of water-bursting source identification obtained by the method developed in the paper is the highest, which proves that the method developed in the paper is effective and feasible. 

Wu Qiang, Huang Xiao-Ling, Dong Dong-Lin, et al. 2000. Three maps two predictions method to evaluate water bursting conditions on coal roof. Journal of China Coal Society, 25(l) 60-65. 

Zhai Er-An. 2005. Cause analysis and countermeastires of water-bursting of 25 mining area in Yuejin coal mine. Coal Engineering, (3) 41-42. 

Hu Z.X., Xu IP., Zheng S.S. 2009. Study on Ordovician limestone water bursting characteristics and controlling countermeasures in north China coalmines. Coal Geology of China 21(10) 34-36. [in Chinese],... 

Wu Q Wang MY. 2006. Characterization of water bursting and discharge into underground mines with multilayered groundwater flow systems in the North China coal basin. Hydrogeology Journal 14 882-893. 

In some coal fields with more floor water bursting accidents, the empirical values of critical water... 

According to the Provisions of water prevention and control in coal field of the People s Republic of China (2009), the water bursting coefficient is expressed as T = P/M. 

Table 7. Critical value of water bursting coefficient in some mining area (Xu 1989).

Figure 9. Water bursting coefficient isoline of Ordovician karst aquifer with natural water level for deep coal 17. ... 

Wu Q, Wang M, Wu X. 2004. Investigations of ground-water bursting into coal mine seam floors from fault zones. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci. 41 (4) 557-571. 

In 2006, the NASA Mars Global Surveyor orbiter found evidence of water that has flowed fleetingly on the surface. Comparing images of the side of a crater taken in 2001 and 2005, it was seen that the second showed gullies apparently caused by water bursting out of the crater wall (Fig. 3.12. Another example is shown in Fig. 3.8). Gully Formation from Laboratory Simulations were compared with features observed on Mars (Conway et al., 2010 [76]). Flows on the martian surface are erosive, flow faster and further than on Earth, and produce unique sedimentary features (see Fig. 3.9). 

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