Floodwater properties

Under submerged conditions, temperatures in the soil and water depend on the depth of the water and on the density of the plant canopy, as well as on meteorological conditions. The water transmits incident short-wave radiation to the soil but it also insulates the soil against emission of long wave radiation. The full plant canopy transmits 90 % of the short-wave infrared radiation (i.e. half the total short-wave). Hence there is a greenhouse effect and consequently the soil and water temperatures tend to be higher than the air temperature. Evaporative cooling reduces the surface water temperature and drives convection currents, so the water tends to be well mixed. 

Oxygen is produced by photosynthetic organisms in the water and consumed in respiration and other oxidative processes. Often the concentration varies from super-saturation during the day to near zero at night. Because the partial pressures 

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The policy cover may be extended to include damage to assets from extra perils if the necessary additional premium is paid. These include storm damage, floodwater, burst water pipes or tanks, aircraft, riot, malicious damage or impact by mechanical vehicles. It is also possible to include an item to cover architects , surveyors and consultants fees and legal fees all incurred in the reinstatement of the property insured, as well as a sum to cover the costs of removing debris from the site before rebuilding can start. 

Note that the above conclusions refer to uptake of soil N by the main body of the rice root system in the anoxic soil beneath the soil-floodwater interface. Uptake of fertilizer N broadcast into ricefield floodwater and absorbed by roots in the floodwater or soil near the floodwater is not likely to be limited by root uptake properties or transport (Kirk and Solivas, 1997). 

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