Rice soils

Four different types of residue analytical methods of flutolanil and its metabolites are developed for plant (potato and rice), soil and water ... 

Lindau CW, Bollich PK. Methane emissions from Louisiana first and ratoon crop rice. Soil Sci. 1993 156 42-48. 

Scott H, Miller D, Renaud F. Rice soils Physical and chemical characteristics and behavior. In Smith CW, Dilday RH, editors. Rice Origin, History, Technology, and Production. Hoboken Wiley Sciences 2003. pp. 297-330. 

Ramakrishnan B, Lueders T, Dunfield PF, Conrad R, Friedrich MW. Archaeal community structures in rice soils from different geographical regions before and after initiation of methane production. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2001 37 175-186. 

Lu Y, Wassmann R, Neue HU, Huang C, Bueno CS. Methanogenic responses to exogenous substrates in anaerobic rice soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2000 32 1683-1690. 

Bronson KF, Neue HU, Singh U, Abao EB. Automated chamber measurements of methane and nitrous oxide flux in a flooded rice soil Residue, nitrogen, and water management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1997 61 981—987. 

Wang ZP, Lindau CW, DeLaune RD, Patrick WH. Methane emission and entrapment in flooded rice soils as affeded by soil properties. Biol. Fert. Soils. 1993 16 163-168. 

Cheng W, Yagi K, Akiyama H, Nishimura S, Sudo S, Fumoto T, Hasegawa T. An empirical model of soil chemical properties that regulate methane production in Japanese rice soils. J. Environ. Qual. 2007 36 1920-1925. 

Chidthaisong A, Watanabe I. Methane formation and emission from flooded rice soil incorporated with 13C-labeled rice straw. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1997 29 1173-1181. 

Mitra S, Wassmann R, Jain MC, Pathak H. Properties of rice soils affecting methane production potentials 1. Temporal patterns and diagnostic procedures. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 2002 64 169-182. 

Mandal L.N., Mandal B., Zinc fractions in soils in relation to zinc nutrition of lowland rice. Soil Sci. 1986 142 141-148. 

Mandal L.N., Mitra R.R. Transformation of iron and manganese in rice soils under different moisture regimes and organic matter applications. Pland Soil 1982 69 45-56. 

Murthy A.S.P., Zinc fractions in wetland rice soils and their availability to rice. Soil Sci 1982 133 150-154. 

Venkateswarlu, K. and N. Sethunathan. 1978. Degradation of carbofuran in rice soils as influenced by repeated applications and exposure to aerobic conditions following anaerobiosis. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 26 1148-1151. 

CEC and fine silt and clay component (FC) have similar effects on rice s BAC. The competitive uptake of the alkaline-earth cations may result in a reduced heavy metal BAC for rice. Soils with higher percentage of fine silt and clay provided more CEC so that it has similar effect on the BAC. 

This paper presents some trends for heavy metal patterns in rice-soil systems on a regional scale in Zhejiang province. The major findings are summarized below ... 

Gowda TK, Sethunathan N. 1976. Persistence of endrin in Indian rice soils under flooded conditions. J Agric Food Chem 24 750-753. 

Mandal LN (1961) Transformation of iron and manganese in water-logged rice soils. Soil Sci 121-126... 

Figure 2.4 Relation between diffusion impedance factor, /l, and bulk density, p, in four water-saturated rice soils. Dotted line is the theoretical relation between /l and p for a mixture of different-sized spherical particles (Kirk et al., 2003). Iloilo Epiaquult clay 21% org C 1.04% pH 3.93. Maahas Haplaquoll clay 54% org C 1.83% pH 5.89. Nueva Ecija Epiaquert clay 35 % org C 1.57 % pH 5.25. Tarlac Tropaquept clay 33 % org C 1.06% pH 6.02. Reproduced by permission of Blackwell Publishing...

Figure 3.7 Changes in the concentrations of cations in solution following flooding of four rice soils (Kirk et al, 2003). The corresponding changes in E, pH, HCOs, CEC and soil Fe are shown in Figures 2.6 and 2.7. Reproduced by permission of Blackwell Publishing...

Many submerged soils are developed in recent in alluvium and are often young or only weakly weathered (Section 1.3). The overall composition of the clay fraction is therefore often close to that of the parent sediment. Hence the following generalizations can be made for rice soils in the humid tropical lowlands (Kyuma, 1978 Binkman, 1985)... 

Table 3.11 Total iron contents (mg Fe g ) of rice soils...

In data assembled by Greenland (1997), the mean level of organic carbon in the topsoils of wetland rice soils from across tropical Asia was 2%, and after excluding acid peaty soils the mean was 1 %. This compares with a range of 1.27-1.81 % for Oxisols and Ultisols of the Cerrado region of Brazil (Sanchez,... 

Figure 5.2 Sequential reduction of electron acceptors and accumulation of CO2 and CH4 in two rice soils. The soils were submerged and incubated at 30 °C in sealed bottles (Yao et al, 1999). Reproduced with kind permission of Kluwer Academic Publishers...

These general features of NOs reduction in submerged rice soils are bom out by field observations. Buresh et al. (1993b) found that from 60 to 75 % of N-labelled NOs" applied on the surface of flooded ricefields was lost by denitrification over 2-3 weeks, as measured by the not recovered in the soil, floodwater and plants. The recovery of (N2 + N20)- N in chambers placed over the floodwater was less than the estimated denitrification loss because gas bubbles became entrapped in the soil. More N2 + N2O was recovered when the chambers were placed over the rice plants showing that some of the gas escaped through the plants. The not lost by denitrification was presumed to have... 

Figure 5.5 Electron balances during anoxic decomposition of soil organic matter to CH4 and CO2 in eight rice soils. Soil properties given in Figure 5.3 (Yao and Conrad, 2000). Reproduced by permission of Blackwell publishing...

Figure 6.19 Calculated concentration profiles of O2, NOs", NH4+ and Fe in a flooded soil near a rice root after 10 days of root-soil contact. The parameter values used in the calculations are realistic for a healthy root growing in an unexceptional lowland rice soil (Kirk and Kronzucker, 2000). Reproduced by permission of IRRI...

Deficiency of P is often the main nutrient limitation in natural wetlands, though it is rarely important in wetland rice soils that have at least some history of P... 

Figure 7.2 Typical annual nutrient balances for irrigated rice soils pre- and post-1960 calculated from probable inputs (left side of each graph) and outputs (right side) (data from Greenland, 1997). Inputs come from R = rainfall, F = floodwater and irrigation, S = sediments, N = nitrogen fixation and M = manures and fertilizers. Outputs are due to removals in Cg = rice grain, Cs = rice straw. Cl = legume crop, S = seepage and percolation and G = gaseous emission...

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