Flax linen

Flax is considered to be the oldest fibre in the Western world and CIS (formerly USSR) grows most of the flax fibre. Linen has been gradually loosing its position as an apparel fabric since 1950s, but the emergence of linen as a component of blends has stimulated considerable interest. 

Flax fibres are multicellular, with each cell having tapering ends and a narrow lumen. The fibres show longitudinal striations and nodes (Fig. 1-13). The ultimate 

Cellulose is the main constituents of flax fibre (Fig. 1-14). The unretted flax contains about 16.7% hemicellulose, 1.8% pectins, 2% lignin and 1.5% fats and waxes. The polymer of flax consists with a degree of polymerisation of about 18000 cellobiose units. Flax is an assembly of ultimates cemented together within the fibres and an assembly of these fibres into bundles. These assemblies are prone 

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Byssinosis Reactive airway disease associated with inhalation of organic textile fibers,. such as cotton, flax, linen, and hemp. 

Flachs-gewebe, n. linen goods, linen, -lein-wand, /. flax linen, -samen, m. flaxseed, linseed. -samenol, n. flaxseed oil, linseed oil. -stein, m. amianthus. 

Cotton and Other Cellulosic Fibres. The dominant natural cellulosic fibre is cotton, the other natural cellulosic fibres, or bast fibres, include flax, linen, jute and ramie. The so-called regenerated fibres, which include viscose, modal fibres and lyoceU (Tencel), are made by various chemical treatments of cellulosic substrates. The dyeing and printing of cellulosic fibres and materials is carried out using, in decreasing order of scale and importance, reactive, direct and vat dyes. ... 

VEGETABLE FIBERS COME FROM PLANTS COTTON, FLAX (LINEN). 

Like cotton, there are many different linen fabrics made from the basic flax fiber. Most of these are defined only by the type of weave and the fineness of the fiber, such as cambric and damask. The word linen is usually applied only to unbleached plain weave material. Some names are applied to similar fabrics made of cotton and linen. An example of this is canvas, a plainly woven fabric of varying weight made from hard-twisted yam. Canvas may be made from hemp, cotton, jute, or flax (linen). Most fine fabrics, particularly of European or American manufacture, are made from flax. Since its invention in the 1600s, most lace has also been made of flax thread. 

Other commercial sources of cellulosic fibers include hemp, jute, flax (linen), and ramie. Wood fibers are used in papermaking and as a feedstock for rayon. Of these sources, cotton provides the purest cellulose. From an experimentalist s point of view, algae and even animals (the tunicates) are also interesting sources of cellulose. Bacteria such as Acetobacter xylinium make extracellular cellulose, but in higher plants and algae, cellulose occurs in the walls of individual cells. 

Cellulose never occurs in nature in a pure form. Cotton is the purest natural form, consisting of about 90 percent cellulose. Flax (linen fiber) consists of about 70 to 75 percent cellulose, wood of about 40 to 50 percent cellulose, and seaweeds and algae of about 25 to 30 percent cellulose. 

Synthetic fibres, followed by cotton, are the most common in apparel production. Although cotton consumption has risen steadily in the past two decades, synthetic consumption has grown much faster and now dominates global fibre production. Cotton accounts for 32.9% of global textile production, synthetic fibres including polyester, acrylic, nylon (polyamide) and polypropylene for 60.1%, wool 2.1%, flax (linen) 1.0% and other ceUulosic 3.9% (Shui and Plastina, 2013). In the apparel context, manufactured fibres can be engineered to mimic natural fibres in handle, function and aesthetic, which makes them attractive for both apparel manufacturers and end consumers. 

Leno weave le-(i)no- [per. ff. F linon linen fabric, lawn, ff. ME lin flax, linen, ff. L linum flax] (1821) n. A weave in which the warp yarns are arranged in pairs with one twisted around the other between picks of filhng yarn as in marquisette. This type of weave gives firmness and strength to an open weave fabric and prevents slippage and displacement of warp and filling yarns. Kadolph SJJ, Langford AL (2001) Textiles. Pearson Education, New York. 

Cellulose fibres from plants, whether soft like cotton, flax, linen, and wool, or hard like hemp and jute, have served man since ancient times. Cotton and its relatives are in essence merely plant cells. This was apparent to a French savant, Anselm Payen, from examination under the microscope, and it was he who in 1839 coined the name cellulose (from cell and the terminal -ose. 

Crinoline kri-n l-sni n [F, fr. I crinoline, fr. crino horsehair (fr. L crinis hair) + lino flax, linen, fr. L linum]... 

Jute sacking, webbing, twine Flax linen... 

The evolution of apparel manufacture can be traced back to the Neolithic Age. As early as 4000 B. C., the hand-operated spindle and the loom were the most important tools for the production of textiles in central Europe. The materials used were wool and flax (linen). In 2000 B. C., there was a flax minister in Egypt and woven silk was produced in China. 

Textile fibres come from many sources, both natural and synthetic. The natural materials come either from vegetable sources cotton, flax (linen), jute, and wood cellulose, or from animals silk, wool, fur, hair. The synthetic materials are produced either from natural resources such as glass, ceramics, carbon, metals or reconstituted cellulose, or they are totally synthetic, being extruded from thermoplastic polymers. 

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