Flame retardancy automobiles

The second substrate utilized was a high loft polyester, representative of material used in air filters, furniture padding, and automobile interior pads. The material used here is constructed of 1 1/2 denier fiber, weighs 1 1/2 ounces per square yard, and is relatively open in construction. Polyester as a material is water resistant and flammable. This fiber ignites at around 520°C, but melts at about 265°C. In many flame retardant tests, the polyester will melt and shrink" away from the flame, giving spurrious results. Once again, not all binders have an affinity for this substrate, and flame retardancy is affected. 

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate is used as a flame retardant in plastics, especially in flexible foams used in automobiles and furniture, and in rigid foams used for building insulation. No data on occupational exposure levels were available. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate has been detected in drinking-water, river water, sea water and sediments in various parts of the world (IARC, 1990). 

Wensing, M., Pardemann, J. and Schwampe, W. (2003) Flame retardants in the indoor environment. Part V measurement and exposure evaluation of organophosphate esters from automobile interiors. Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2003, Singapore, Vol. 1, pp. 172-7. 

The use of flame-retardants has played a significant role in making homes, hotels, hospitals, nursing homes, offices, automobiles, and public transportation safer. They have no doubt helped to save countless lives.1 While fire continues to be an ever-present threat to society and improvements in fire safety standards appear to be stalled, flame-retardants, and generally all chemicals, have been coming under tremendous environmental attack.2 3 The attacks stem from the fact that low levels of particular flame-retardants have been detected in the environment and, in some cases, in animals and humans.4 5... 

Poiybrominated benzenes (PBBz) and poiybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) have been widely used as flame or fire retardants. The use of flame retardants is recommended or required in diverse areas such as synthetic polymers which are used in building materials, textiles, packing materials, electric applications, automobile manufacturing etc. to protect the public from fire accidents [247,248]. PBBs were introduced as flame retardants in the early 1970s. In Japan e.g. the aimual con-... 

TCP is used as a plasticizer in vinyl plastics, as a flame-retardant, and as an additive to extreme pressure lubricants. The main market for PVC-based products plasticized with organic phosphate esters is in the manufacture of automobile and other motor vehicle interiors in the USA. 

Use of some of the flame retardants, particularly brominated ones (PBDEs, or poly-brominated diphenyl esters), was prohibited by European Union Risk Assessment program. Among them were pentabromodiphenyl ether (pentaBDE), which was used primarily in polyurethane foam, and octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE), used mainly in electrical and electronic equipment and automobiles (both were prohibited by EU in August, 2004). In the United States, production of pentaBDE was ceased in 2004 and its mannfacture and import into the United States is prohibited. Octa-BDE was schednled to be prohibited in 2006 in a number of states in the United States... 

These blends have been used for outdoor applications, flame retardant wall coverings and automobile interiors. Injection molded components include gullies in sewage systems, caps for road reflector posts and bench slats, etc. Evolution of these blends is traced in Table 1.30. 

Because of low cost, high heat deflection temperature (HDT (104°C)), notched impact resistance, improved low temperature impact and flexibility, weather resistance, flame retardancy, and impact resistance, the PP/EPDM blend has got a widespread applications. These unique characteristics of this thermoplastic elastomer blend make it an attractive alternative to conventional elastomer in a variety of markets such as automobile industries, wire, cable insulator, automobile bumpers and fascia, hose, gaskets, seals, weather stripping, among others. 

Western-world bauxite production in 1988 totaled about 90 x 10 t, approximately 90% of which was refined to aluminum hydroxide by the Bayer process. Most of the hydroxide was then calcined to alumina and consumed in making aluminum metal. The balance, which constituted about 2.3 x 10 t in 1988 (Table 2), was consumed in production of abrasives (qv) adhesives (qv) calcium aluminate cement used in binding ceramics (qv) and refractories (qv) catalysts used in petrochemical processes and automobile catalytic converter systems (see Petroleum Exhaust control, automotive) ceramics that insulate electronic components such as semiconductors and spark plugs chemicals such as alum, aluminum halides, and zeoHte countertop materials for kitchens and baths cultured marble fire-retardant filler for acryhc and plastic materials used in automobile seats, carpet backing, and insulation wrap for wire and cable (see Flame retardants) paper (qv) cosmetics (qv) toothpaste manufacture refractory linings for furnaces and kilns and separation systems that remove impurities from Hquids and gases. 

Tetrabromobisphenol A di-2-hydroxyethyl ether Tetradecabromodiphenoxybenzene Tetrakis (2-chloroethyl) ethylene diphosphate Tris (2,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate flame retardant, EPS Tribromophenyl allyl ether flame retardant, ethyl cellulose Diphenyl octyl phosphate flame retardant, ethylene copolymers Ethylenebis (tetrabromophthalimide) flame retardant, expandable PS Dibromoethyidibromocyclohexane Tetrabromobisphenol A bis (allyl ether) Tetrabromocyclooctane flame retardant, extruded PS Tetrabromocyclooctane flame retardant, fabrics Antimony pentoxide Methylphosphonic acid, (5-ethyl-2-methyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl) methyl methyl ester flame retardant, fibers Antimony pentoxide Tetrabromoethane flame retardant, filament winding Epoxy resin, brominated flame retardant, film Tetrabromobis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate flame retardant, fire-retardant material Chlorinated paraffins (C12, 60% chlorine) Chlorinated paraffins (C23, 43% chlorine) flame retardant, flexible PU foam bedding Tetrakis (2-chloroethyl) ethylene diphosphate flame retardant, flexible PU foam furniture Tetrakis (2-chloroethyl) ethylene diphosphate flame retardant, flexible PU foam transportation Tetrakis (2-chloroethyl) ethylene diphosphate flame retardant, flexible PU foams furniture, automobile seating... 

Polyurethane/clay-based nanocomposites are already being used for automobile seats and it also exhibit superior flame retardancy. Phenolic resin impregnated with montmorillonite clay was already identified as the resin for manufacturing rocket ablative material with MMT. The nanolevel dispersion of clay platelets leads to a uniform char layer that enhances the ablative performance. The formation of this char was slightly influenced by the type of organic modification on the silicate surface of specific interactions between the polymer and the silicate platelets surface, such as... 

PVC blends with CPE were patented and commercialized in 1956 as HostaliF. Blends with CSR soon followed. By the mid-1970s, the emphasis shilted toward blends with acrylic elastomers. Ternary alloys were developed, viz., of PVC with CPE and poly(methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acrylate) (MMBA) (Maruyama et al. 1977) or PVC, CPVC, and either MABS or a mixture of PMMA with imidized-PMMA or imidized-SMA (Soby et al. 1994). These blends have been used for outdoor applications, flame-retardant wall coverings, and automobile interiors. Injection molded components include gullies in sewage systems, caps for road reflector posts and bench slats, etc. Evolution of these blends is traced in Table 1.29. 

Polycarbonate (PC) has excellent mechanical strength, particularly impact strength, good electrical properties and transparency, and is widely utilised in a variety of fields including office machinery, electric and electronic machinery, automobiles, architecture and so on. Many applications require that a PC composition be flame retardant(s) (FR) and combine ease of processing with good optical properties. Table 2.7 illustrates some of the physical properties of PC. 

Antimony trioxide is the most important of the antimony compounds and is primarily used, dissolved in organic solvents, for flame-retardancy of textiles, rubber and plastics in aircraft and automobile seat covers, and of children s clothing and toys. In the USA about 60% of all antimony use in 2001 was for flame-retardants. 

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