First Market Environment

The First Market Environment (FME) had two distinct market phases Phase I, from 1950 through the 1960s, and then Phase II running still... 

The nickel-titanium orthodontic wire (Nitinol, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) that was first marketed [6] had a heavily cold-worked stable martensite structure [25], but superelastic wires [21] were subsequently introduced and followed [34] by wires having shape memory in the oral environment [7]. For the most efficient treatment, the archwire that is bent by the clinician for treating malpositioned teeth should return completely to the initial undeformed state during the process of tooth movement. Complete recovery will not occur for superelastic wires if there is permanent deformation [33], whereas full recovery will take place for nickel-titanium wires with in vivo shape memory. 

Figure 4-27. These roofing panels by Nailite International of Miami are featured on GE Plastics Living Environments Concept House seen in Chapter 1. The panels are made of GE s Noryl PPO resin, known for its excellent moisture, UV, wear resistance, and flame resistance. Nailite first marketed such panels in the Los Angeles area, where a ban on cedar shakes and shingles was being considered.

Endrin was first marketed in 1951 as a highly effective insecticide, containing at least 95% ingredient in the active form. It has the advantage of not being as stable as many of the earlier insecticides and thus residues in the environment are relatively low. Three years later, a broad spectrum insecticide, named endosulfan, appeared on the market and, like its predecessor, was subject to environmental degradation. Technical endosulfan consists of about four parts of a-isomer and one part fi-trans isomer. The a-isomer, which is somewhat more insecticidal, is slowly transformed to the more stable p form. 

These national politics of the FME include autonomous nationbuilding faced with immense hurdles of technology transfer and the realpolitik of picking international partner nations. The crucial point is that the FME was an important industrial development First, as well as a Market first. It was the epitome of a nationally structured and regulated set of market environments across two phases (public and private sector industrial capabilities) aimed at building health successes. 

Despite the attractions of economic forces driving environmental protection, some cautions and failures have been noted. Firstly, the export of hazardous waste to countries where costs for treatment are lower enhances environmental risks during transport and has the potential for transboundary export in the event of pollution. At the same time, the loss of raw material may deprive the home market of an adequate supply of feedstock for the home-based industry. Secondly, there is considerable scepticism that self-regulation of TBT-based antifoulants could be achieved in a timely manner by the shipping industry. This is an instance where the cost benehts to one industry are born by another commercial sector, notably aquaculture. Thus, protection of the marine environment is likely to be aided by economic factors but the role of government, via taxation and standard setting, is not likely to be usurped. Public education and, in turn, pressure, can promote and support corporate environmentalism. 

This chapter focuses on the issue of co-payment, which occurs in insurance environments when insurer and insured share the payment of the price of the medicine. Using this as our central axis, we begin by addressing certain conceptual aspects, including the various forms, formulas and personal extension of co-payment, in the first section, and in the second section we go on to make a comparison between co-payment in insurance markets and in compulsory public insurance systems. 

The first reading of the proposed REACH Regulation by the European Parliament is scheduled for November 2005 at the earliest. The rapporteurs for the lead Environment and Industry Committees, Guido Sacconi and Lena Ek respectively, have proposed extensive amendments to REACH. Hartmut Nassauer, the rapporteur for the Internal Market and Consumer Committee, also responsible for the European Parliament s opinion on the REACH proposal, has issued a report suggesting extensive amendments, and in essence has suggested REACH is completely redrafted. The Internal Market and Consumer Committee vote has been postponed from 5 September 2005. 

The industrial interest in this area is driven for two reasons The first one is the steady miniaturization of semiconductor devices down to sizes for which the bulk properties of inorganic semiconductors reach their limit and molecular approaches become important. The second is the need for materials for the increasing low-cost consumer market that is dominated by identifier tags, plastic chip cards, and displays for cellular phones that are all driven by small electronic or optoelectronic circuits. The materials for these applications should be cheap, easy to make, and, last but not least, be environment-friendly, combustible, or better yet biodegradable. 

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