First consequences

If hydrophobic interactions dominate a separation, only small differences in selectivity are observed between the phases. 

The more polar the phase is, the larger is the range of selectivity (a values) in the case of the separation of polar substances. 

35 and 1.45. This experiment was repeated using fairly new, varied stationary phases as weU as some phases from earlier experiments which provided a kind of internal standard. The observation mentioned above has been confirmed (see Fig. lb). 

As explained above, one should bear in mind that even in tmbuffered systems exclusive hydrophobic interactions - i.e., an ideal RP mechanism - rarely dominate. Even large, hydrophobic, unsubstituted aromatic substances are capable of polar interactions through induced dipoles. In Fig. 3a and b, the retention and separation factors (bar and line chart) for the separation of chrysene/perylene are depicted. 

In addition to phases with a polymer layer on the phase stuface, polar RP-phases in particular show very good aromatic selectivity. Modem hydrophobic phases, on the other hand, which are hardly capable of polar interactions, show only moderate selectivity. 

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The first consequence of the work assumption may be established immediately for elastic deformations. Consider an arbitrary finite smooth closed cycle of homogeneous deformation %(ti, f ) which lies entirely in the elastic... 

The pressure vessel under consideration in this subsection is spherical and is located far from surfaces that might reflect the shock wave. Furthermore, it is assumed that the vessel will fracture into many massless fragments, that the energy required to mpture the vessel is negligible, and that the gas inside the vessel behaves as an ideal gas. The first consequence of these assumptions is that the blast wave is perfectly spherical, thus permitting the use of one-dimensional calculations. Second, all energy stored in the compressed gas is available to drive the blast wave. Certain equations can then be derived in combination with the assumption of ideal gas behavior. 

The severity of the Diesel European standards for HC, CO, NOx and PM has a first consequence car manufacturers seem to reach the limits of combustion/injection improvement. Some particle and NOx after-treatment systems will become mandatory in EuroV and EuroVI context. Consequently, this implies a cost and generates a complex implementation. 

Figure 2.9, it can be seen that the interfacial capacitance does show a dependence on concentration, particularly at low concentrations. In addition, whilst there is some evidence of the expected step function away from the pzc, the capacitance is not independent of V. Finally, and most destructive, the Helmholtz model most certainly cannot explain the pronounced minimum in the plot at the pzc at low concentration. The first consequence of Figure 2.9 is that it is no longer correct to consider that differentiating the y vs. V plot twice with respect to V gives the absolute double layer capacitance CH where CH is independent of concentration and potential, and only depends on the radius of the solvated and/or unsolvated ion. This implies that the dy/dK (i.e. straight lines joined at the pzc. Thus, in practice, the experimentally obtained capacitance is (ddifferential capacitance. (The value quoted above of 0.05-0,5 Fm 2 for the double-layer was in terms of differential capacitance.) A particular value of (di M/d V) is obtained, and is valid, only at a particular electrolyte concentration and potential. This admits the experimentally observed dependence of the double layer capacity on V and concentration. All subsequent calculations thus use differential capacitances specific to a particular concentration and potential. 

In the case of 13-LOXs, the active site is again penetrated by the substrate using its methyl end first, whereas with 9-LOXs, the substrate is forced into an inverse orientation, favoring penetration with its carboxy group first. Consequently, a radical rearrangement at either [+2] or [-2], respectively, may be facilitated in both cases by the same mechanism within the active site. 

The first consequence of both treateents is the considerable decrease of the anomalous adsorption states. This is one of the... 

The first consequence is the problem of qualitatively or quantitatively rationalizing the effects of solvents and also of focusing on the physical and chemical properties of solvents, e.g. their polarity. 

The study of the mechanism of vision in vertebrates 23>24) has progressed to the point where the first consequence of photon absorption has been described as an activation of the isomerization of the 11 -cis retinal chromophore of rhodopsin to all-trans. That triggers a complex sequence of reactions leading to the mysterious inside of the brain. Brrr, I had better get back — it looks dark in there. But the brain can generate sensations of light. Maybe, one day, we will be able to see enough to understand, but we ll go back just the same to a safer subject. 

Parametric uncertainty A great number of bacterial species carry out the transformations of organic load and nutrients in wastewater treatment processes without direct or easily comprehensible relationships between the microbial populations and viability. The role of each bacterial species is fuzzy [30], and aspects such as cellular physiology and its modeling are not easily understood from external measurements [18], [68]. As a first consequence, the kinetics of these transformations is often poorly or inadequately known [66]. Extensive efforts to model the kinetics have been undertaken, but these have not been successful to elucidate how yield coefficients, kinetic parameters and the bacterial population distribution change as a function of both, the influent composition and the operating conditions. 

One of the first consequences of the above ideas was the development of the Orbital Local Plasma Approximation (OLPA) by Meltzer et al. [37-39]. The main ingredients in the OLPA consist in approximating the orbital weight factors by the orbital occupation numbers and adapting the Lindhard-Scharff Local Plasma Approximation (LPA) [10-12] to an orbital scheme whereby the orbital mean excitation energy was originally defined as [37,38]... 

Let us imagine now that for some reason, either intrinsic or extrinsic, the linear chain from Fig. 1.28(a) dimerizes but preserves its ID structure. The new distribution is illustrated in Fig. 1.29(a). The first consequence is that the period... 

When anionic and cationic surfactants are mixed they strongly interact, and it could even be said that they almost react to produce a catanionic species, which is essentially a new surfactant, in which the two hydrophilic groups have merged into a nonionic or a somehow amphoteric head attached to a double tail. The first consequence is that the new daughter species has... 

The question now is what happens when this calculation is performed for more components, i.e. when at each design point the minimum resolution over all solutes is taken. This is shown in Table 6.3. The first consequence is that a large amount of information is lost, since it is not detectable which solutes lack resolution. A second consequence is that sometimes the minimum resolution is zero. This means that this setting results in insufficient separations, but also that the inverse (l/y, ) cannot be calculated. Therefore the signal-to-noise ratios are calculated on the nonzero values. 

We begin by assuming that our ensemble is an ideal gas. The first consequence of this assumption, since ideal gas molecules do not interact with one another, is that we may rewrite the partition function as... 

A first consequence of (3.98) is evident from envisioning the reaction in terms of forward and backward reaction paths between reactant state A and product state B ... 

Due to the cell symmetry, the equivalent ohmic resistance of a half tube is calculated first. Consequently, the cell equivalent ohmic resistance is calculated by considering two of the resulting half-tube resistances in a parallel configuration. 

The first consequence of JT interaction one can think of is that it introduces a dissymmetry with respect to hopping. In a lattice of molecules with an average number of n electrons per C60, it is obvious from Fig. 3 that the gain of energy will be larger if n is even rather than odd. Therefore, if one electron hops to the next ball leaving a and a C%, the new states will be stabilized by JTD... 

During the formation of nanoparticles, surfactants interact with the surfaces of the particles in a dynamic equilibrium process. On the contrary, ligands that are chemisorbed to the surface of the particle are less prone to desorption compared to physisorbed ones. A first consequence of a low desorption rate is that particles do not grow rapidly after nucleation. As an example, when thiols are chemisorbed to AuNPs particle sizes are typically limited to <5 nm. In contrast, the majority of surfactants used to stabilize nanoparticles associate with the surface of particles through van der Waals or other weak interactions, allowing the preparation of larger particles. The first report of thiol-stabilized AuNPs appeared in 1993 by Giersig and Mulvaney.145... 

Table 2.6 shows that some stationary phases show exactly the same Rohschneider constants. The fact that these phases also show identical chromatographic selectivity in practice forms an indication for the validity of the Rohrschneider approach. Any of these phases can be selected, but it would be a waste of time to investigate the selective effect of more than one of them. The choice will now be based on secondary considerations, such as stability, temperature range, availability and cost. Indeed, one of the first consequences of the Rohrschneider characterization scheme was for some manufacturers to reconsider the program of available stationary phases and to remove obsolete ones (see e.g. ref. [212], p.62). It is seen that not all non-polar stationary phases are identical, and that minor differences in selectivity may be anticipated from the use of Apiezon L instead of one of the silicone polymers. 

There are two important consequences of this method. Both result from the fact that the magnetization that is being observed (13C antiphase doublet) arises from H magnetization that is rotated from its equilibrium state along the z axis by the first 90° proton pulse. The first consequence arises because the lH population difference at equilibrium (sometimes called polarization ) is four times the carbon population difference at equilibrium. This results from the larger energy separation between the a and states for protons ... 

Next we consider the case where a low overpotential exists at some point in the electrochemical switching process, as is necessarily the case in cyclic voltammetric or chronopotentiometric experiments. Now, four additional mechanisms become possible on the time scale of the electron/ion transfer process. This is so because the electron/ion transfer step, E, is no longer constrained to be the first. Consequently, either one or both of the chemical steps may precede the coupled electron/ion transfer. During the oxidation of R to Of, if solvation of Ra is more rapid than its reconfiguration, the two mechanisms, CEC and CC E may occur. If reconfiguration of R is more rapid than its solvation, two additional mechanisms, C EC and C CE, become possible. 

The first consequence of the introduction of two additional viscosities vt and Va to the true viscosity v is that the Reynolds number really seen by the code is ... 

At low pressure, less than about 300 kPa, it is safe to assume that a gas behaves as an ideal gas. Or at least, its physical properties are predicted with acceptable accuracy using ideal gas principles. This is true of any gas, even acid gas and even acid gas saturated with water. The first consequence of assuming ideal gas behavior is that the density can be easily calculated from the ideal gas law ... 

The ability to connect natural products to the genes that produce them has had two important consequences. The first consequence was stimulating genetic and biochemical studies into natural product biosynthesis, which increased our knowledge of the inner workings of these pathways dramatically and set the stage for the modification of existing pathways and the construction of new pathways. 

The first consequence of these developments was the general realization... 

A first consequence of this line of thought would be that either one of the C-C bonds stemming from C should be broken at some point along the reaction course. Of these two, the disconnection of C -Ca is perhaps the most favorable, owing to the ease of cleavage of a methoxy substituent in acidic media. All this leaves the acetal function as the most probable generator of the ketone group in II. 

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