Fibroblasts cardiac

IL-6 induces terminal maturation of B cells, promotes the growth of hy-bridoma/myeloma cells and T cells, and acts upon haematopoietic progenitors in synergy with IL-1 and IL-3. It also induces the production of acute-phase proteins by liver cells. In addition to its production by neutrophils, IL-6 is also synthesised by monocytes, T and B cells, fibroblasts, cardiac myxoma cells, some bladder carcinomas, cervical cancer cells and glioblastomas. Stimulated neutrophils generate about ten times less IL-6 (on a per-cell basis) than do monocytes. 

Other plasminogen activator inhibitors are PAI-3, which is believed to be identical to the activated protein C inhibitor, and proteinase nexin 1, found in the renal epithelial cells, cytosol of fibroblasts, and cardiac myocytes (37, 42, 44, 45). 

Resting cells do not express iNOS but the capacity to express this enzyme after specific stimuli is present in several tissues. Cells such as macrophages, endothelial cells, kidney cells, chondrocytes, cardiac myocytes, pancreatic islets and fibroblasts... 

Generalized carnitine deficiency, in its primary form and inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, is due to a defect of the specific high-affinity, low-concentration, carrier-mediated carnitine-uptake mechanism. The defect has been documented in cultured fibroblasts and muscle cultures, but the same uptake system is probably shared by heart and kidney, thus explaining the cardiomyopathy and the excessive leakage of carnitine into the urine. Oral L-carnitine supplementation results in dramatic improvement in cardiac function [4,8]. 

Serotonin 5-HT 2B receptor HTR2B Agonism Cardiac valvulopathy, fibroblast mitogenesis, hypertension. Antagonism No side effects clearly defined, but cardiac effects cannot be excluded, especially at embryonic stage. 

The major allergen of molluscan shellfish is tropomyosin, a muscle protein. The term major allergen is used to define proteins that elicit IgE binding in the sera of half or more of patienfs wifh allergies to the specific source (Metcalfe et ah, 1996). Tropomyosin is a ubiquitous muscle protein in all animals. Tropomyosin is a 34- to 36-kDa protein that is highly water soluble and heat stable as evidenced by the fact that tropomyosin can be isolated from fhe water used to boil shrimp (Daul et ah, 1994). Tropomyosin can actually be found in bofh muscle and many nonmuscle cells in animals. In muscle cells, tropomyosin is associated with the thin filaments in muscle and plays a role in the contractile activity of muscle cells. In nonmuscle cells, tropomyosin is found in microfilaments but its fimction is less well imderstood. Tropomyosins are present in all eukaryotic cells. Different isoforms of tropomyosin are found in different types of muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), brain, fibroblasts, and other nonmuscle cells. While these tropomyosins are highly homologous, small differences do exist in their... 

Other investigators reported the results of a phase II trial in which 337 patients were randomized to receive recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) or placebo during cardiac catheterization. Although the primary end point—a significant improvement in exercise tolerance... 

Doble BW, Chen Y, Bose DG, Litchfield DW, Kardami E Fibroblast growth factor-2 decreases metabolic coupling and stimulates phosphorylation as well as masking of connexin43 epitopes in cardiac myocytes. Circ Res 1996 79 647-658. 

Doble BW, Kardami E Basic fibroblast growth factor and gap junction mediated intercellular communication of cardiac fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 1995 143 81-87. 

Kardami E, Stoski RM, Doble BW, Yamamoto T, Hertzberg EL, Nagy JI Biochemical and ultrastructural evidence for the association of basic fibroblast growth factor with cardiac gap junctions. J Biol Chem 1991 266 19551-19557. 

Rook MB, Jongsma HJ, de Jonge B Single channel currents of homo- and heterologous gap junctions between cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes. Pfliigers Arch 1989 414 95-98. 

MacKenna DA, Dolfi F, Vuori K, Ruoslahti E. 1998. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation by mechanical stretch is integrin-dependent and matrix-specific in rat cardiac fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 101 301-10. 

Chen MM, Lam A, Abraham JA, Schreiner GF, Joly AH. CTGF expression is induced by TGF-P in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiac myocytes a potential role in heart fibrosis. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 2000, 32, 1805-1819. 

Pauly, D. F., Johns, D. C., Matelis, L. A., Lawrence, J. H., Byrne, B. J. and Kessler, P. D. (1998). Complete correction of acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency in Pompe disease fibroblasts in vitro, and lysosomally targeted expression in neonatal rat cardiac and skeletal muscle. Gene Ther. 5, 473-480. 

Iwatate M, MiuraT IkedaY etal, Effects of in vivo gene transfer of fibroblast growth factor-2 on cardiac function and collateral vessel formation in the microembolized rabbit heart, Jpn Circ J 2001 65(3) 226-231. 

Horackova et al. (28) Guinea pig LAD ligation Skeletal myoblasts vs. cardiac fibroblasts vs. cardiomyocytes Myotube formation in SKMB-treated animals SKMB superior to CM and CFs regarding remodeling functional improvement in SKMB-treated animals no comparison regarding the LV function... 

Abbreviations BM-MNC. tone marrow mononuclear cell CF. cardiac fibroblast CM, cardiomyocyte FB. fibroblast LAD. left anterior descending artery LV, left ventricle SKMB, skeletal myoblast. 

Although a few direct clinical comparisons have been made, several recent preclinical studies have been performed to compare the beneficial effects of different cell types for cellular cardiomyoplasty (Table I). According to these, skeletal muscle-derived cell transplantation may be more effective than the transplantation of adult cardiomyocytes, dermal or cardiac fibroblasts, or BM-MNC in the subacute or chronic Ml setting (27-29). This could reflect the greater survival of myoblasts than of cardiocytes and/or an active impact of myoblasts on cardiac systolic function as compared with a... 

Other mechanistic approaches to cell therapy can also be envisioned, For example, a characteristic of compensated cardiac hypertrophy is the reduction of mechanical stress—a clear call for cells that are able to stabilize scar. Mesenchymal BM cells, fibroblasts, and skeletal myoblasts (all mesoderm-derived progenitors) improve diastolic function and reduce wall stress (30). The BN-MNC, peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells... 

Cultures of primary cardiac myocytes (chick embryo) were formed on fibronectin patterned acrylic surfaces [198]. A microtextured PDMS chip with 20-urn-wide pegs was used to promote cell culture. After coating the PDMS chip with a thin layer of laminin, neonatal rat cardiac myocytes were cultured on it. The cultured cells are typically 50 p.m in length and 10-15 p.m in diameter. The PDMS chip was cast on a mold with parylene structures patterned on a Si wafer. Using the same mold, a poly(lactic/glycolic acid) (PLGA) chip could also be made for culture of rat cardiac fibroblasts [900]. 

Desai, T.A., Deutsch, J., Motlagh, D., Tan, W., Russell, B., Microtextured cell culture platforms Biomimetic substrates for the growth of cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. Biomed. Microdevices 1999, 2(2), 123-129. 

Tsutsumi, Y., Matsubara, H., Ohkubo, N., et al. 1998. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor is upregulated in human heart with interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac fibroblasts are the major cell type for its expression. Circ Res 83 1035-1046. 

Angiotensin II signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac fibroblasts is also mediated through EGF receptor transactivation (Figure 6.4). In fact,... 

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