Fibre environmental effect

However, a recently performed LCA benchmarking study by van der Velden et al. (2014) on textiles made from cotton, polyester, nylon, acryl and elastane revealed that the environmental effects of different products depend not only on the base materials but also on the thickness (linear density) of the yam. The environmental burden of different textile processes such as spinning, weaving and knitting decreases with the increase in the linear density of yam. According to the cradle-to-grave analysis, cotton fibre textiles have the highest environmental impacts, followed by nylon, elastane. 

As mentioned earlier in this chapter, sustainabUity represents the type of developments that meet the needs of present generations without comprising the ability of future generations to fulfil their needs. The use of natural resources and the generated outputs and environmental effects are two important aspects of sustainability. Products or processes that use higher nonrenewable resources as well as produce detrimental effects on the environment are considered to be less sustainable. As discussed in the previous sections, LCA has been used to identify, quantify and evaluate the environmental impacts (inputs and outputs) of products made from cotton textiles and this information can be utilized to determine the sustainability of cotton textiles and to compare that with other textile fibres (Rana et al., 2014a,b). 

A comprehensive analytical model for predicting long term durability of resins and of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) taking into account viscoelastic/viscoplastic creep, hygrothermal effects and the effects of physical and chemical aging on polymer response has been presented. An analytical tool consisting of a specialized test-bed finite element code, NOVA-3D, was used for the solution of complex stress analysis problems, including interactions between non-linear material constitutive behavior and environmental effects. 

Akil, H.M., Santulli, C., Sarasini, E, Tirillo, J., and Valente, T. (2014) Environmental effects on the mechanical behaviour of pultruded jute/glass fibre-reinforced polyester hybrid composites. Compos. ScL Technol., 94, 62—70. 

Smith LH, Carbon Fibres Health effects. Preliminary Draft, Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the US Environmental Protection Agency, 1986. 

Springer GS, Environmental Effects on Composite Materials, Electrical hazards posed by graphite fibres. Chapter 12, Spinger GS ed., CRC Jan 1981. 

P.V. Joseph, M.S. Rabello, L.H.C. Mattoso, K. Joseph and S. Thomas, Environmental effects on the degradation behaviour of sisal fibre reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos. Sci. Technol. 62,1357-1372 (2002). 

Abbasi, A. and Hogg, P.J., Temperature and environmental effects on glass fibre rebar modulus, strength and interfadal bond strength with concrete, Composites Part B 26 (2005)394-404. 

Ishai, O. (1975). Environmental effects on deformation, strength, and degradation of unidirectional glass-fibre reinforced plastics. I. 8urvey, Polymer Engineering and Science, 15,486-490. doi 10.1002/pen.760150703... 

Human hair is usually categorised ethnically into three major distinct groups Asian, Caucasian and African. Looking from the perspective of biological variability, environmental effects and diversity of fibre texture, it is remarkable how uniformly the amino acid makeup of protein components is across ethnic groups. The amino acid makeup of the protein components was reviewed by Wolfram and is depicted in Fig. 1 [1, 2, 18, 19]. 

Whitney JM, Browning CE (1978) Some anomalies associated with moisture diffusion in epoxy matrix composite materials. In Vinson JR (ed) Advanced composite materials-environmental effects, ASTM STP 658. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp 43-60 Wright W (1981) The effect of diffusion of water into epoxy resins and their carbon-fibre reinforced composites. Composites 12(3) 201-205 Yao J, Ziegmaim G (2007) Water absorption behavior and its influence on properties of GRP pipe. J Compos Mater 41(8) 993-1008... 

In Marshall IH (ed) Composite structure. Applied Science, New York, pp 202-223 Blicblau AS, Tran L, Warden P (1993) Environmental effects on carbon fibre/epoxy shear strength. In Miravete A (ed) Proceedings of the ninth international conference on cranposite materials (ICCMIS), vol 5 Composite behaviour, Madrid, 12-16 July 1993, pp 660-664 Boiler KH (1964) Fatigue characteristics of RP laminates subjected to axial loading. Mod Plast 188 145-150... 

The theme of the twelve chapters which comprise this book is information which can be used for designing a fibre composite article or structure. The data cover a wide range. There is information on the short- and long-term thermomechanical and electrical properties and behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer composites, plus their response to fire and environmental effects. Finally the influence of processing on properties and the quality assurance of the final product are also considered. 

The continuous determination of compounds, which may adversely affect ecosystems and/or human health, is a major regulative and legislative goal of environmental protection nowadays. Considering the costs and efforts related to this task corroborates a clear demand for portable, real-time, in-situ, field applicable and cost-effective monitoring techniques. Due to their inherent properties, vibrational spectroscopic sensors, in particular fibre-optic sensors show a high potential to contribute to these applications. 

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