Axial loading

Compressibility, permeability Temperature Effect of mechanical forces on cake structure (e.g, shearing or axial loading)... 

The selection of rolling-element bearings is based on the radial and axial loads they must support, on the operating speed, and on the expected life. All bearing catalogs provide comprehensive selection data. 

When transmitting the load to the driven equipment, the motor bearing at the driving end (DE) is normally subject to two types of forces, radial and axial. The axial force in a horizontal drive is normally zero. If it is not zero this may be due to eccentricity in the transmitting line or any such reason that may subject the driving end bearing to an axial load in addition to a radial load. These forces become severe when the load from the motor is being... 

Noie The values given above refer to a bearing s life of 20 000 working hours. They are valid only for radial or axial loads. When both the loads are existing reference must be made to the bearing or motor manufacturer. 

X = radial load factor Y = axial load factor... 

The joint is designed so that the solder layer will yield in shear at the same axial load f that causes the main tube to fail by tensile yield. Estimate the required value of W, given the following data f = 1 mm dy (copper) = 120 MPa dy (solder) = 10 MPa. 

The holes reduee stuffing box pressures and balanee axial loading. 

This is a single row bearing. It can handle moderate radial and axial loads from any direction. 

The O-ring can flex and roll - There is no need for the shaft to slide and rub under the o-ring while under an axial load. 

The choice of a turboexpander load may be influenced by the desire to optimize refrigeration. In other words, a dynamometer load may be chosen over a generator load due to speed considerations. Additionally, there are other constraints imposed on optimal design. Factors such as impeller peripheral velocity (tip speed), bearing design, axial load balance, material selection, and manufacturing methods (which have greatly improved in the recent decades) all have an influence. 

High axial loads must be aeeommodated and tlimst eontrol systems are required. 

There are many roller bearing types. They are differentiated aeeording to the direetion of the main radial loads (radial bearings) or axial loads (thrust... 

Spherieal roller thrust bearings ean aeeommodate high axial loads. They are suitable for relatively high speeds. The raeeways, whieh are inelined toward the bearing axis, allow the bearings to aeeommodate radial loads as well. The radial load must not exeeed 55% of the axial load. 

It is desirable to have additional axial-load control on the multistage compressor. A balance piston, also refeired to as the balance drum, can be located at the discharge end (see Figure 5-46). The balance piston consists of a rotating element that has a specified diameter and an extended rim for sealing. The area adjacent to the balance piston (opposite the last stage location) is vented, normally to suction pressure. The differential pressure across the balance piston acts on the balance piston area to develop a thrust force opposite that generated by the impellers. The pressure on the... 

Example 2.21 A rod of plastic is subjected to a steady axial pull of 50 N and superimposed on this is an alternating axial load of 100 N. If the fatigue limit for the material is 13 MN/m and the creep rupture strength at the equivalent time is 40 MN/m, estimate a suitable diameter for the rod. Thermal effects may be ignored and a fatigue strength reduction factor of 1.5 with a safety factor of 2.5 should be used. 

The individual laminae used by Tsai [4-6] consist of unidirectional glass fibers in a resin matrix (U.S. Polymeric Co. E-787-NUF) with moduli given in Table 2-3. A series of special cross-ply laminates was constructed with M = 1,2,3,10 for two-layered laminates and M = 1,2,5,10 for three-layered laminates. The laminates were subjected to axial loads and bending moments whereupon surface strains were measured. Accordingly, the stiffness relations as strains and curvatures in terms of forces and moments, that is. 

As an example of the contrast between analysis and design, consider the column buckling problem. To analyze the buckling resistance of a simply supported, axially loaded column, we use the Euler-Bernoulli equation,... 

Consider the differential element of a laterally and axially loaded beam as in Figure D-1. There, the axial force, shear force, moment, and lateral load are depicted along with the pertinent changes that occur along the length of the differential element. 

Therefore, unless axial loads are introduced along the beam, the axial force is constant. 

There are two well-accepted models for stress transfer. In the Cox model [94] the composite is considered as a pair of concentric cylinders (Fig. 19). The central cylinder represents the fiber and the outer region as the matrix. The ratio of diameters r/R) is adjusted to the required Vf. Both fiber and matrix are assumed to be elastic and the cylindrical bond between them is considered to be perfect. It is also assumed that there is no stress transfer across the ends of the fiber. If the fiber is much stiffer than the matrix, an axial load applied to the system will tend to induce more strain in the matrix than in the fiber and leads to the development of shear stresses along the cylindrical interface. Cox used the following expression for the tensile stress in the fiber (cT/ ) and shear stress at the interface (t) ... 

For most practical purposes, the onset of plastic deformation constitutes failure. In an axially loaded part, the yield point is known from testing (see Tables 2-15 through 2-18), and failure prediction is no problem. However, it is often necessary to use uniaxial tensile data to predict yielding due to a multidimensional state of stress. Many failure theories have been developed for this purpose. For elastoplastic materials (steel, aluminum, brass, etc.), the maximum distortion energy theory or von Mises theory is in general application. With this theory the components of stress are combined into a single effective stress, denoted as uniaxial yielding. Tlie ratio of the measure yield stress to the effective stress is known as the factor of safety. 

Consider a case in which the drill pipe is exposed to an axial load (P) and a torque (T). The axial stress (o ) and the shear stress (t) are given by the following formulas ... 

In particular, makeup torque induces a tensile state of stress within the pin and compression stress in the box. Thus, when the tool Joint is exposed to the additional axial load due to the weight of the drill string suspended below the Joint, the load capacity of the tool Joint is determined by the tensile strength of the pin. 

Welght-on-BIt. Weight -on-bit is usually measured with strain gages attached to a sub subjected to axial load. The axial load is composed of three parts ... 

The axial load (compression) gives a uniform stress and strain in the absence of a bending moment. If a bending moment exists, then one side is extended while the other is compressed. 

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