Polypropylene fibre reinforced

The first industrial development is CURV by BP, a highly-stretched polypropylene fibre reinforced polypropylene delivered in sheets of 0.3 mm to 3 mm thickness. 

Saje, D., Bandelj, B., SustersiC, J., Lopatic, J., Saje, E, 2011. Shrinkage of polypropylene fibre-reinforced high-performance concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(7), pp. 941-953. 

In order to determine not only the composite material response but also the response of each of the two phases (fibres and matrix), two sets of test specimens were manufactured. The first set consisted of KRENIT polypropylene fibre ) reinforced epoxy (FRE) specimens while the second set consisted of KRENIT polypropylene fibre reinforced cement paste (FRC) specimens. 

R. Baggottand D. Gandhi, Multiplecracking inaligned polypropylene fibre reinforced cement composites , J. Mater. Sci. 16,1981, 65-74. 

A. Bentur, S, Mindess and G. Vondran, Bonding in polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete , int J. Cem. Comp. Ltwt. Concr. 11,1989,153 158. 

L. Tu, D. Kruger and P.A.B. Carstens, Effects of the increased surface wettability on the polypropylene-concrete interfacial bonding and the properties of the polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete , in Y. Ohama and M. Puterman (eds) Adhesion between Polymers and Concrete, RILEM Proceedings PRO 9, RILEM Publications, Bagneux, 1999, pp. 267-284. 

G. Spadea and G. Frigione, Mechanical and rheological behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete , //Cemento. 2,1987,173-185. 

B. Barr and P.D. Newman, Toughness of polypropylene fibre reinforced concrete . Composites. 16,1985, 48-53. 

R.V. Velasco, R.D. Toledo Filho, E.M.R. Fairbairn, P.R.L. Lima and R. Neumann, Spalling and stress-strain behaviour of polypropylene fibre reinforced HPC after exposure to high temperatures , in M. di Prisco, R. Felicetti and G.A. Plizzari (eds) Fibre-Reinforced Concretes BEFiB 2004, Proc. RILEM PRO 39, RiLEM Pubiications, Bagneux, 2004, Vol. 1, pp. 699-708. 

Polypropylene fibre reinforced cement sheets reinforcement with short fibres or continuous net film (see Chapter 10) ... 

It is a popular misconception that plastics are cheap materials. They are not. On a weight basis most plastics are more expensive than steel and only slightly less expensive than aluminium. Prices for plastics can range from about 600 per tonne for polypropylene to about 25,000 per tonne for carbon fibre reinforced PEEK. Table 1.5 compares the costs of a range of plastics. 

A wide variety of thermoplastics have been used as the base for reinforced plastics. These include polypropylene, nylon, styrene-based materials, thermoplastic polyesters, acetal, polycarbonate, polysulphone, etc. The choice of a reinforced thermoplastic depends on a wide range of factors which includes the nature of the application, the service environment and costs. In many cases conventional thermoplastic processing techniques can be used to produce moulded articles (see Chapter 4). Some typical properties of fibre reinforced nylon are given in Table 3.2. 

Table 3.5 shows some examples of the property effect ratios for mineral filler-reinforced polypropylene. The effect ratio is the performance of the reinforced polymer divided by the performance of the neat polymer. Properties of low-level glass fibre reinforced polypropylene are given for comparison. 

Currently, one of the most important applications is the front-end of recent cars such as the Mini Cooper from BMW, Mazda 6, Audi A6, Ford Focus and VW Polo, associating long glass fibre reinforced polypropylene injected onto stamped metal, which leads to weight savings in the range of 30-35% compared to traditional solutions. 

Mat and continuous glass fibre reinforcements theoretically all the thermoplastics are usable in these forms, but up to now developments have concentrated on polypropylenes (PP), polyamides (PA) and thermoplastic polyesters (PET) fibre-reinforced PEEK, polyetherimide (PEI) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) are used for high-performance applications. They are presented in a range of forms from stampable sheets to pellets, prepregs, ribbons, impregnated or coated continuous fibre rods. More rarely (as in the case of PA 12, for example), the thermoplastic is provided in liquid form. 

Polypropylene fibres are used to reinforce polypropylene matrices leading to a selfreinforcing polymer. 

The Ultratect foam from BASF is used as the core with glass fibre reinforced polypropylene skins for the sandwich rear seat backrest of the M3 CSL sports car by BMW. The weight saving is 50% versus a metal part. 

The (property/volume cost) ratios show that the self-reinforced polypropylene has a much higher impact resistance ratio than general-purpose GMTs and glass fibre reinforced thermoplastics but a slightly lower modulus ratio. 

Table 6.35 displays some basic property examples of long glass fibre reinforced polyamides and polypropylenes. 

Borealis has developed a high-performance short glass fibre reinforced polypropylene (HPGF) family that has the technological and economical potential to replace long glass fibre (LFRT) in highly stressed parts for technical automotive applications. 

Tanks (by Covessa) capable of withstanding up to 100 bars made by welding three parts in glass fibre reinforced polypropylene (Twintex). 

HTPC (Hybrid ThermoPlastic Composite) bumper beams made by Plastic Omnium are used by General Motors on the Pontiac Montana, Chevrolet Venture and Oldsmobile Silhouette. Continuous woven fibres are overmoulded with a long or short fibre reinforced polypropylene to save weight (6 kg), enhance impact resistance (20-40%) and integrate numerous functions such as reinforcement ribs. The process is fully automated. 

Ford Focus is injection moulded from HPP30GR20BK, a glass fibre reinforced polypropylene allowing a zero-maintenance engine air filter. 

Glass fibre reinforced polypropylene processing scraps ... 

HPGF High-Performance short Glass Fibre reinforced polypropylene... 

Figure 29. Fiuman osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in cultures on material surfaces modified with carbon nanoparticles. A fullerene Cgo layers deposited on carbon fibre-reinforced carbon composites (CFRC), B fullerene C o layers deposited on microscopic glass coverslips, C terpolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyldifluoride and polypropylene, mixed with 4% of single-wall carbon nanohorns, D the same terpolymer with high crystalline electric arc multi-wall nanotubes, E diamond layer with hierarchically organized micro- and nanostmcture deposited on a Si substrate, F nanocrystalline diamond layer on a Si substrate. Standard control cell culture substrates were represented by a PS culture dish (G) and microscopic glass coverslip (FI). Immunofluorescence staining on day 2 (A) or 3 (B-Fl) after seeding, Olympus epifluorescence microscope IX 50, digital camera DP 70, obj. 20x, bar 100 pm (A, C, D, G,H)or 200 pm (B, E, F) [16].

The co-injection moulding of PVC-U with other thermoplastics (glass fibre reinforced PVC, polypropylene, ABS and polycarbonate), was investigated using the mono-sandwich process and the properties determined. Polypropylene was the only polymer not to exhibit good adhesion. The mechanical properties of the other samples were intermediate between those of the constituent polymers (104). 

O Donnell, B. White, J.R. Stress-accelerated photo-oxidation of polypropylene and glass fibre-reinforced polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1994, 44, 211-222. 

Is the mean length of the glass fibre reinforcement in injection-moulded polypropylene (fig. 4.28a) sufficient enough to give optimal stress transfer to the fibres Explain how the stiffness anisotropy in such a moulding arises. What new mechanisms of energy absorption arise when polystyrene is converted into a low density closed cell foam, and how can the compressive yield stress be controlled over a range of values ... 

Langdon GS, Nurick GN, Lemanski SL, Simmons MC, Cantwell WJ, Schleyer GK. Failure characterisation of blast-loaded fibre-metal laminate panels based on aluminium and glass-fibre reinforced polypropylene. Compos Sci Technol 2007 67(7-8) 1385-405. 

---